Thermal performance and friction factor of a cylindrical microchannel heat sink cooled by Cu-water nanofluid

Azizi, Zoha; Alamdari, Abdolmohammad; Malayeri, M.R.

doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.140

Cited by 101 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It is estimated that only a few hundred tons of the total production were converted to Cu-based nanoparticles (Cu NPs) , despite there being many emerging applications for nano-Cu materials. Many applications involve the traditional role of Cu as a conductor, such as conductive dyes (Albrecht et al, 2016;Hokita et al, 2015;Tam and Ng, 2015;Kharisov and Kharissova, 2010;Tsai et al, 2015;Gopalan et al, 2016) or heat transfer fluids (Park et al, 2015;Montes et al, 2015;Azizi et al, 2016;Rizwan-ul-Haq et al, 2016), but the use of nano-Cu is rapidly expanding into novel applications such as catalysts in organic synthesis (Dugal and Mascarenhas, 2015;Lennox et al, 2016;Barot et al, 2016), sensors (Albrecht et al, 2016;Tsai et al, 2015;Gopalan et al, 2016;Brahman et al, 2016;Pourbeyram and Mehdizadeh, 2016), solar cells (Yoon et al, 2010;Parveen et al, 2016;Shen et al, 2016), light-emitting diodes , hydrogen generation (Liu et al, 2015a;Liu et al, 2015b), and drug delivery (Woźniak-Budych et al, 2016). Based on the antifungal and antimicrobial properties of Cu + 2 , Cu NPs are actively being developed for applications in agriculture and food preservation (Park et al, 2015;Montes et al, 2015;Dugal and Mascarenhas, 2015;Ray et al, 2015;Kalatehjari et al, 2015;Ponmurugan et al, 2016;Maniprasad et al, 2015;Majumder and Neogi, 2016;Villanueva et al, 2016), textiles …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials

et al. 2017

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A B S T R A C TGiven increasing use of copper-based nanomaterials, particularly in applications with direct release, it is imperative to understand their human and ecological risks. A comprehensive and systematic approach was used to determine toxicity and fate of several Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs). When used as pesticides in agriculture, Cu NPs effectively control pests. However, even at low (5-20 mg Cu/plant) doses, there are metabolic effects due to the accumulation of Cu and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Embedded in antifouling paints, Cu NPs are released as dissolved Cu + 2 and in nano-and micron-scale particles. Once released, Cu NPs can rapidly (hours to weeks) oxidize, dissolve, and form CuS and other insoluble Cu compounds, depending on water chemistry (e.g. salinity, alkalinity, organic matter content, presence of sulfide and other complexing ions). More than 95% of Cu released into the environment will enter soil and aquatic sediments, where it may accumulate to potentially toxic levels (> 50-500 μg/L). Toxicity of Cu compounds was generally ranked by high throughput assays as: Cu + 2 > nano Cu(0) > nano Cu(OH) 2 > nano CuO > micron-scale Cu compounds. In addition to ROS generation, Cu NPs can damage DNA plasmids and affect embryo hatching enzymes. Toxic effects are observed at much lower concentrations for aquatic organisms, particularly freshwater daphnids and marine amphipods, than for terrestrial organisms. This knowledge will serve to predict environmental risks, assess impacts, and develop approaches to mitigate harm while promoting beneficial uses of Cu NPs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials

et al. 2017

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“…Experimental results were compared with the Reynolds number (Re) which was calculated based on the hydraulic diameter of the main channel of both models using: Q =m w Cp w T wout -T win (3) It was found that the maximum average heat loss was around 5% for each model. which were attached to the bottom surface of the outlet manifold for both the models with and without subchannels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7. The water level was altered by changing the position of the container and steps [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] repeated for the next mass flow rate.…”

Section: Experimental Methodology and Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The (controlled) room temperature was allowed to stabilise (21 o C). 3. The model and water were left to achieve thermal equilibrium for each part before starting each run of the experiment.…”

Section: Experimental Methodology and Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, using parallel microchannels in a cooling process generates a non-uniform temperature distribution because of mal-distribution of the mass flow rate through the microchannels, regardless of the uniformity of the heat generation of the chip itself [2]. Furthermore, Azizi et al [3,4] experimentally confirmed that uniform temperature distribution through the microchannels can be achieved if cylindrical heat sink was used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquid cooling of non-uniform heat flux of a chip circuit by subchannels

Al-Waaly

Paul

Dobson

2017

Applied Thermal Engineering

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(2017) Liquid cooling of non-uniform heat flux of a chip circuit by subchannels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115, pp. 558-574. (doi:10.1016Engineering, 115, pp. 558-574. (doi:10. /j.applthermaleng.2016 This is the author's final accepted version.There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. AbstractExperimental and numerical analyses have been carried out to study the effect of using subchannels in a liquid cooled heat sink for minimising the effect of hotspots generated on a chip or circuit. Two heat sinks -with and without subchannels -were fabricated in order to investigate this effect. The first device was manufactured with normal parallel channels while the second was designed to extract more heat by dividing the main channels above the hotspot into two subchannels. The inlet and outlet manifolds were designed with two inlet ports to minimise any potential mal-distribution of mass flow rate through the channels. Three thermocouples were attached to the bottom surface of the inlet manifold and another three attached to the outlet manifold to record surface temperature. Five different mass flow rates were generated under gravity by changing water container height. The results show that adding subchannels improves the uniformity of temperature distribution and reduces the maximum temperature. Moreover, at the same pressure head 79cm the thermal resistance is reduced 20% whereas the pumping power is increased by 11%.

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Nanofluid in the multiphase flow field and heat transfer: A review

Dey

Sahu

2021

Heat Trans

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Two‐phase heat transfer is widely used in the heat transfer field, for example, condenser and evaporator in the refrigeration system, riser, and condenser in thermal power plants, and so on. The advantage of two‐phase heat transfer is that it gives a very‐high convective heat transfer coefficient compared to other modes of heat transfer. Nanofluid is a comparatively new heat transfer fluid and very popular because of its improved thermophysical properties. If nanofluid is used in a two‐phase heat transfer field, then the convective heat transfer coefficient may improve further. Nanofluids are possibly useful in many studies in two‐phase heat transfer like pool boiling heat transfer, flow boiling heat transfer, nanofluids in a microchannel, forced convective heat transfer, condensation, spray cooling, enhanced oil recovery, and so on. The effect of nanoparticles on wettability, contact angle, and nucleation sites are also reviewed in this paper. Numerical studies in two‐phase heat transfer are also reviewed and summarized in this paper. In this review, the chronological development of heat transfer in the two‐phase field is provided in a tabular form. This table covers a wide period starting Before Common Era ages until the recent addition of nanoparticles in the two‐phase heat transfer fluid.

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Thermal performance and friction factor of a cylindrical microchannel heat sink cooled by Cu-water nanofluid

Cited by 101 publications

References 33 publications

Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials

Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials

Liquid cooling of non-uniform heat flux of a chip circuit by subchannels

Nanofluid in the multiphase flow field and heat transfer: A review

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