Thermal Plasma Solution for Environmental Waste Management and Power Generation

Anyaegbunam, F. N. C.

doi:10.9790/4861-06530816

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The SimaPro program (Ecopoints method) can help measure the environmental impact and automatically calculate group emissions for accuracy in any sustainability program (see S.I.3). Furthermore, an algorithmic model was used to estimate the economic evaluation of the energy recovery process − from Zz-PW to pyrolysis oil as the greenest alternative solution. The algorithmic model for environmental pollution vision with a negative indicator and economic vision with a positive indicator of Zz-PW in Makkah was evaluated as follows: Net losses algorithm Call amount of Zz-PW ( P ) Call amount of gas emission ( G ) Call global warming cost ( W ) Call climate change cost ( C ) Call consumed fuel (CF) // Calculate pollution cost = P + G + W + C + CF // Calculate net losses = pollution cost Net gains algorithm Call product sales ( S ) Call economic gain ( E ) Call manufacturing expenses ( M ) Call tax ( T ) // Calculate revenue gains = S + E – M – T // Calculate net profit = revenue gains Call rate of return (ROR%) Call payback period (PBP) Call gross profits (%) // C++ program //Include < iostream> // Calculate net losses // Calculate net profit The total volume of product sales ( S ) – expenses operating expenses – employee costs, administrative costs, research, and development (R&D) costs ( E ) – tax cash flow federal, state, local income, and payroll taxes ( T ) Float net profit (float S , float E , float M , float T ) { Float net losses (float P , float G , float W , float C , float CF) { // Iterate for n number of iterations for (int i = 1; i ≤ 12; i ++) { // Update next value of Net profit N g = S + E – M – T // Update next value of N // Update next value of x } Return N g } Update next value of net losses N l = P + G + W + C + POE // Update next value of N l // Update next value of x } Return N l } …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Plasma Gasification Treatment of Plastic Waste: Evaluating Environmental, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions

Rida Galaly,

Van Oost,

Dawood

2024

ACS Omega

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The conversion of waste to energy is an essential process in the Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia, where it plays a crucial role in waste management. The annual analysis of the decomposition hazards of the landfills in the city of Makkah showed that they ranged from 168,000 Mg in 1994 to 297,000 Mg in 2022. The emission costs of pollution ranged from 4 million in 1994 to 7 million in 2022. The number of gas emissions of plastic waste accumulating in the analyzed landfill has increased from 128,000 Mg in 1994 to 227,000 Mg in 2022. The thermal plasmas used were produced by air plasma torches, which are an essential part of plasma reactors. The operational characteristics of air plasma torches were investigated at a flow rate of 10−30 g/s, including current−voltage characteristics, applied power, applied flow rate, average temperatures of the exiting plasma jet ranging from 15,000 to 19,000 K, average velocity of the exiting plasma jet (1677.3−2763.2) m/s, wavelength of the emitted radiation ranging from 153 to 193 nm, and the corresponding beam lengths ranging from 400 to 450 mm. The proposed plasma gasification is the greenest method for processing plastic waste in the light of ecological, economic, and strategic visions with an amount of recovered pyrolysis oil in the year 2022 of 3.17 × 10 5 tons with an equivalent energy of 12.55 × 109 MJ, with an output efficiency value equal to 81%. A roadmap for the economic and environmental visions was introduced, where the economic return on investment (ROR%) was 80%, the payback period (PBP) was 1.2 years, and the gross profit reached 129%.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Plasma Gasification Treatment of Plastic Waste: Evaluating Environmental, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions

Rida Galaly,

Van Oost,

Dawood

2024

ACS Omega

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“…The air crosses the boundary layer between the gas column and the anode inner surface and is pushed downstream by the pressure of the air flow. The cathode and anode are large enough to be able to withstand the gradual erosion and are water-cooled to deal with the high excursion of temperatures [12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Experimental Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and economic vision of plasma treatment of waste in Makkah

Galaly

Oost

2017

Plasma Sci. Technol.

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An environmental and economic assessment of the development of a plasma-chemical reactor equipped with plasma torches for the environmentally friendly treatment of waste streams by plasma is outlined with a view to the chemical and energetic valorization of the sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This is especially applicable in the pilgrimage season in the city of Makkah, which is a major challenge since the amount of waste was estimated at about 750 thousand tons through Arabic Year 1435H (2015), and is growing at a rate of 3%-5% annually. According to statistics, the value of waste in Saudi Arabia ranges between 8 and 9 billion EUR. The Plasma-Treatment Project (PTP) encompasses the direct plasma treatment of all types of waste (from source and landfill), as well as an environmental vision and economic evaluation of the use of the gas produced for fuel and electricity production in KSA, especially in the pilgrimage season in the holy city Makkah. The electrical power required for the plasmatreatment process is estimated at 5000 kW (2000 kW used for the operation of the system and 3000 kW sold), taking into account the fact that: (1) the processing capacity of solid waste is 100 tons per day (2) and the sale of electricity amounts to 23.8 MW at 0.18 EUR per kWh. (3) The profit from the sale of electricity per year is estimated at 3.27 million EUR and the estimated profit of solid-waste treatment amounts to 6 million EUR per year and (4) the gross profit per ton of solid waste totals 8 million EUR per year. The present article introduces the first stage of the PTP, in Makkah in the pilgrimage season, which consists of five stages: (1) study and treatment of waste streams, (2) slaughterhouse waste treatment, (3) treatment of refuse-derived fuel, (4) treatment of car tires and (5) treatment of slag (the fifth stage associated with each stage from the four previous stages).

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