Thermal radiation from pool fires

Modak, Ashok T.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(77)90106-7

Cited by 177 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Analytical modeling would suggest that the point source model should be valid within 15 percent for ratios of R (distance between fire and target) over pool radius (r) of 3 or greater (within 25 percent for ratios greater than 2) [21]. However, using the heat flux and heat release rate data from the OFD spill fire tests indicates that the point source model is not always applicable at these close distances.…”

Section: Use Of a Point Source Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Gottuk¹,

Scheffey²,

Williams³

et al. 2000

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Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave BlanK) ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Tests were conducted to evaluate the level of performance of commercially available optical fire detectors for use in Navy aircraft hangars. Detectors were evaluated based on response to fuel spill fires and to optical stresses (i.e., potential false alarm sources). The results of the fire detection evaluation have been combined with false alarm immunity criteria into a new optical detector performance specification for Navy aircraft hangars.14. SUBJECT TERMS The Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) has conducted research efforts aimed at improving the design of fire protection systems in military aircraft hangars. The current hangar design strategy is to use low-level (under-wing) AFFF systems activated by optical fire detectors or manual pull stations. Existing Navy requirements limit low-level optical detection to combination ultraviolet and infrared (UV/IR) flame detectors. Since the origination of this requirement, optical fire detection technology has changed significantly and new optical detector designs (e.g., using triple infrared sensors) are on the market. In light of the changes occurring in the field of optical flame detection and the Navy's experience with false alarms with installed detection systems, there was a need to assess optical fire detector performance in military aircraft hangar applications.The objective of this test program was to evaluate the level of performance of commercially available optical fire detection (OFD) technologies for growing JP-5 and JP-8 spill fires, representative of expected incidents in Navy hangars. The same detectors were also evaluated for their resistance to false alarm sources. The results of these experimental evaluations were combined with a fire threat analysis to develop OFD performance criteria.A full-scale fire test program was used to evaluate the performance of OFDs representing the different available technologies. The primary objective of this task was to determine the response of optical detectors (provided by participating manufacturers) to a growing spill fire on concrete at a range of distances corresponding to the maximum fire-todetector spacings in Navy hangars (30.5 to 45.8 m (100 to 150 ft)). Both JP-8 and JP-5 fuel fires were studied. Several gasoline pan fire tests ...

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Section: Use Of a Point Source Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Gottuk¹,

Scheffey²,

Williams³

et al. 2000

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“…There is a previous approach to radiative flame modelling by Modak (1977) who described the radiative heat flux from the flame to a surface element on combustibles using an empirical time-averaged flame shape, an effective radiation temperature, and a mean gray body absorption emission coefficient. This analysis computes (1) Radiative energy fluxes to surfaces located external to the fire in any arbitrary orientation, (2) Variations of radiative heat flux along the fuel surface, from fire center to fire edge, (3) The total radiative heat transfer from the flames to the fuel surface, (4) Forward radiative heat transfer from the fire to the fuel external to the fuel surface, (5) The angular distribution of the radiative flux emitted by pool fire, and (6) The total radiative power outputted from fire.…”

Section: Previous Study By Modakmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Gravity on Radiative Heat Feedback on Small-Scale Pool Fires Using the Radiative Absorption Model

Yoshida¹,

Takahashi²,

Torikai³

et al. 2016

MAS

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The flame characteristics of pool fires such as their height vary depending on gravity. To improve our understanding of the effects of gravity on flame characteristics, we experimentally investigated small-scale pool fires under conditions of normal to partial gravity; using the drop tower at Hirosaki University in Japan to obtain arbitrary partial gravity condition, which varied from 1 G to 0.55 G. We performed the measurement of the temperature distribution with a thermocouple and that of the flame shape with a digital camera. Based on these data, we estimated radiative heat feedback using our new model "The radiative absorption model". It becomes easy to estimate radiative heat transfer using this model if flames have complicated shapes and time variability. From these analyses, we made clear that the radiative heat feedback of small-scale pool fires decreases under partial gravity environment.

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“…1 and 3. The assumption of point source radiative emission has been found to be an acceptable approximation for pool fires, providing that the distance between the heat flux gauge and the fire is greater than five times the fuel pan radii [Modak, 1976;1977]. The point source assumption was tested at a number of angles by comparing the product of and R…”

Section: Radiative Heat Flux To the Surroundingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global combustion behavior of 1 MW to 3 MW hydrocarbon spray fires burning in an open environment

Hamins¹,

Maranghides²,

Mulholland³

2003

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A series of experiments were conducted in order to determine the global combustion behavior of a number of liquid fuels burning in large (1 MW to 3 MW) spray fires in an open environment. The experiments described here provide a characterization of the global fire characteristic of the liquid spray burner, which is a standard fixture in the NIST Large Fire Laboratory. The fuels tested include n-heptane, toluene, a commercial blend of heptane isomers, Jet A, and a heptane/toluene fuel mixture. The fuel flow was controlled. Measurements were made of the radiative emission to the surroundings, the heat release rate, and the emission of soot, CO 2 , and CO. These measurements were normalized by the mass burning rate to determine the radiative heat loss fraction, the combustion efficiency, and the yields of soot, CO 2 , and CO.

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Thermal radiation from pool fires

Cited by 177 publications

References 7 publications

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Optical Fire Detection (OFD) for Military Aircraft Hangars: Final Report on OFD Performance to Fuel Spill Fires and Optical Stresses

Effect of Gravity on Radiative Heat Feedback on Small-Scale Pool Fires Using the Radiative Absorption Model

The global combustion behavior of 1 MW to 3 MW hydrocarbon spray fires burning in an open environment

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