Thermal radiation of di-tert-butyl peroxide pool fires—Experimental investigation and CFD simulation

Chun, Huang; Wehrstedt, Klaus‐Dieter; Vela, Iris; Schönbucher, Axel

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.088

Cited by 26 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…However, if the distance between the camera and the flame is large enough, the fire can be replaced by an imaginary wall (placed in front of the pool), which shows the apparent temperature distribution obtained by the thermographic camera [6,11,16,17]. Figure 26 shows the centerline temperature distribution of the pool fires of present work and the centerline temperature distributions reported by McCaffrey [14].…”

Section: Temperature Distributions Of Diesel Pool Firesmentioning

confidence: 63%

Measurement of Flame Emissivity of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires

Sudheer

Prabhu

2010

Fire Technol

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Flame emissivity is an important parameter in the study of pool fires. A series of pool fire experiments are carried out with four different fuels namely diesel, gasoline, hexane and kerosene for pool diameters of 0.10 m, 0.13 m and 0.20 m. Flame emissivity at a height of 0.25 times the pool diameter from the base is measured by observing the flame with reference to a black body using infrared camera. Influence of pool diameter (0.3 m, 0.34 m, 0.5 m, 0.7 m and 1.0 m) on flame emissivity at a height of 0.25 times the pool diameter is studied with diesel as the fuel. Variation of flame emissivity with the height of the flame along the center of diesel pool fire is investigated for diameters of 0.3 m, 0.5 m, 0.7 m and 1.0 m. It is observed that the flame emissivity is less at the tip of the flame in comparison with that at the base of the pool fire. The measurement of flame emissivity by observing flame with reference to a black body using infrared camera is corroborated with the measurements conducted with reference to an electrically heated black body for diesel pool fires with diameters 0.3 m, 0.5 m and 0.7 m. Flame emissivity is also inferred from the mass burning rate measurements for diesel oil pool fires of 0.3 m, 0.5 m, 0.7 m and 1.0 m diameters. Flame emissivities are independent of the measurement method. Temperature and surface emissive power distributions of the diesel pool fires for diameters 0.3 m, 0.5 m, 0.7 m and 1.0 m are computed using infrared thermography.

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Section: Temperature Distributions Of Diesel Pool Firesmentioning

confidence: 63%

Measurement of Flame Emissivity of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires

Sudheer

Prabhu

2010

Fire Technol

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“…With the stochastic radiation model OSRAMO III [65] With OSRAMO III the temperature and SEP regions of hot spots (hs) and soot parcels (sp) may be determined from the (previously not predictable) log-normal probability density function g T T; d; f (see Fig. 16) with regard to flame temperatures T and g SEP (SEP, d, f), (see Fig.…”

Section: Osramo IIImentioning

confidence: 99%

Conclusions Drawn from the Buncefield and Naples Incidents Regarding the Utilization of Consequence Models

et al. 2009

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In both incidents, as a result of overfilling, a very large mass of winter gasoline (m f = 300 t in Buncefield, m f = 700 t in Naples) was released, which in both cases led to a major fire of several days duration and involved 22 of a total of 41 tanks (Buncefield) and 24 of a total of 31 tanks (Naples). Whilst the Buncefield site was unconfined or only slightly confined, the Naples site had a high degree of confinement due to walls, buildings as well as a high embankment. The most important, current consequence models as well as new consequence models for the prediction of the extraordinarily high flame heights, extraordinarily high thermal radiation as well as the extraordinarily high maximum peak overpressure are described and discussed. The analysis of the Buncefield incident so far has shown that the maximum visible relative flame height lies in the region of 2.5 < (H/d) max,Bunc < 6.5 and the predicted value lies in the region 1.8 < (H/d) max,calc < 1.9. For large, black smoky fires the estimation of the critical thermal separation distance is not dependent on the total fire, but on the height of a hot, clear burning zone. In addition, for multiple tank fires there is a considerable increase in the mass burning rate, the flame height, the surface emission power as well as the thermal separation distance. With the new consequence models maximum peak overpressures for an unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE) of ≈ 1.3 bar (Buncefield) and of ≈ 1.5 bar (Naples) are predicted. For a partially confined vapor cloud explosion (VCE) a maximum peak overpressure of ≈ 3 bar for a jet ignition into a corridor is predicted.

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“…30 Although there are extensive applications of numerical simulation in fire impact modeling and predicting smoke and combustion produces over the offshore complexities, there has been limited research and applications on toxicity assessments of combustion products. [31][32][33] The number of deaths from the toxic effects of combustion products is greater in comparison with those of thermal radiation. 34 Dadashzadeh et al 17 Baalisampang et al, 20 Pula et al, 35 and Purser 36 have conducted studies related to the toxicity assessment of combustion products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling impacts of combustion products on humans in complex processing facilities

Tan

Garaniya

Baalisampang

et al. 2019

Process Safety Progress

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Heat radiation, combustion products, and flame engulfment are the main hazards from a fire event. Several reports have indicated that fire toxicity has caused greater numbers of human injuries and fatalities than those of heat radiation and flame engulfment. In a complex facility, the risk of fire toxicity increases significantly due to the difficulty of escaping in cases of emergency rescue and evacuation operations. This study proposes a methodology to model the impact of combustion products on humans. Several fire scenarios were considered to identify credible fire scenarios. In the most credible fire scenario, concentrations of combustion products over the layout of a facility were modeled. The results showed that the concentrations of CO and CO2 are below the short‐term exposure limit and lethal concentration 50 threshold limits at the considered time. The possible reasons for this are that the fire location was in a well‐ventilated area and equipment layouts were designed with proper safety gaps replicating a full‐scale dimension of an operating floating liquefied natural gas processing facility. The concentration of soot is above the threshold limit, and this has the potential to cause adverse health effects. This study can provide a tool for assessing fire toxicity in processing facilities, which will help improve safety measures.

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Thermal radiation of di-tert-butyl peroxide pool fires—Experimental investigation and CFD simulation

Cited by 26 publications

References 35 publications

Measurement of Flame Emissivity of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires

Measurement of Flame Emissivity of Hydrocarbon Pool Fires

Conclusions Drawn from the Buncefield and Naples Incidents Regarding the Utilization of Consequence Models

Modeling impacts of combustion products on humans in complex processing facilities

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