Thermal radiation, thermal noise and zero-point energy

Kleen, W.

doi:10.1016/0038-1101(87)90056-6

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…y) If the measurement is done by an antenna that transforms the thermal noise voltage and current of the resistor to radiation, and this radiation is measured by a photocell, then the evaluated thermal noise of the resistor is zero, in accordance with Planck's black body radiation formula [26].…”

Section: Information Entropy and The Third Law Of Thermodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information entropy and thermal entropy: apples and oranges

Kish

Ferry

2017

J Comput Electron

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The frequent misunderstanding of information entropy is pointed out. It is shown that, contrary to fortuitous situations and common beliefs, there is no general interrelation between the information entropy and the thermodynamical entropy. We point out that the change of information entropy during measurement is determined by the resolution of the measurement instrument and these changes do not have a general and clear-cut interrelation with the change of thermal entropy. Moreover, these changes can be separated in space and time. We show classical physical considerations and examples to support this conclusion. Finally, we show that information entropy can violate the Third Law of Thermodynamics which is another indication of major differences from thermal entropy.

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Section: Information Entropy and The Third Law Of Thermodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Information entropy and thermal entropy: apples and oranges

Kish

Ferry

2017

J Comput Electron

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“…The assumption of the existence of zero-point noise in the "objective" Callen-Welton fashion [6][7][8][9], as a "generator" that is included in the resistor, see (8), makes various perpetual motion machines possible [4,[17][18][19]. Moving capacitor-plate engines, and resistor-antenna systems combined with standard blackbody radiation would be able to violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics and create net electrical power from the zero-point noise.…”

Section: Perpetual Motion Machinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Kish

2019

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The main points of the UPoN-2018 talk and some valuable comments from the Audience are briefly summarized. The talk surveyed the major issues with the notion of zero-point thermal noise in resistors and its visibility; moreover it gave some new arguments. The new arguments support the old view of Kleen that the known measurement data "showing" zero-point Johnson noise are instrumental artifacts caused by the energy-time uncertainty principle. We pointed out that, during the spectral analysis of blackbody radiation, another uncertainty principle is relevant, that is, the location-momentum uncertainty principle that causes only the widening of spectral lines instead of the zero-point noise artifact. This is the reason why the Planck formula is correctly confirmed by the blackbody radiation experiments. Finally a conjecture about the zero-point noise spectrum of wide-band amplifiers is shown, but that is yet to be tested experimentally.

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“…Haus [16] and Kleen [17] used Heffner's theory [18], based on the time-energy uncertainty principle of frequency/phase selective linear amplifiers, and stated that the zero-point term in Eqs. 4 and 5 is a direct consequence of the energy-time uncertainty principle for phase-sensitive amplitude measurements (Fig.…”

Section: The Uncertainty-principle Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haus [16] and Kleen [17] used Hener's theory [18], based on the time-energy uncertainty principle of frequency/phase selective linear amplifiers, and stated that the zero-point term in equations (4) and ( 5) is a direct consequence of the energy-time uncertainty principle for phase-sensitive amplitude measurements (figure 2). The same argumentation implies that the antenna arrangement [11,12] (figure 1) will not show any uncertainty (and zero-point term) in the photon number.…”

Section: The Uncertainty-principle Argumentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zero-point term and quantum effects in the Johnson noise of resistors: a critical appraisal

2016

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Abstract. There is a longstanding debate about the zero-point term in the Johnson noise voltage of a resistor. This term originates from a quantum-theoretical treatment of the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem (FDT). Is the zero-point term really there, or is it only an experimental artefact, due to the uncertainty principle, for phase-sensitive amplifiers? Could it be removed by renormalization of theories? We discuss some historical measurement schemes that do not lead to the effect predicted by the FDT, and we analyse new features that emerge when the consequences of the zero-point term are measured via the mean energy and force in a capacitor shunting the resistor. If these measurements verify the existence of a zero-point term in the noise, then two types of perpetual motion machines can be constructed. Further investigation with the same approach shows that, in the quantum limit, the Johnson-Nyquist formula is also invalid under general conditions even though it is valid for a resistor-antenna system. Therefore we conclude that and a satisfactory quantum theory of the Johnson noise, the Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem, must, as a minimum, include also the measurement system used to evaluate the observed quantities. Issues concerning the zero-point term may also have implications for phenomena in advanced nanotechnology.

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Thermal radiation, thermal noise and zero-point energy

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Information entropy and thermal entropy: apples and oranges

Information entropy and thermal entropy: apples and oranges

Metrology and Measurement Systems

Zero-point term and quantum effects in the Johnson noise of resistors: a critical appraisal

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