Thermal resonance in living cells to control their heat exchange: Possible applications in cancer treatment

Thermomagnetic Resonance Effect of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field on Three-Dimensional Cancer Models

“…In accordance with the RC analogy for the cell membrane, a characteristic time (Equation (3) can also be considered [ 37 ] in the thermal interaction between cells and environment, such that τ circ = τ . Consequently, an electromagnetic wave could generate a resonant effect, with a frequency inversely proportional to this time [ 31 ]. Therefore, the characteristic time τ in Equation (3) is evaluated and an electromagnetic wave is inflowed onto cells, at the frequency 1/ τ .…”

“…The released heat flow results: where Q is the heat wasted by the cell towards its environment, T 0 is the environmental temperature and ∆ S cell is the entropy variation of the cell. Now, considering the definition of the Gibbs free energy G [ 38 ]: where H is the enthalpy, and T 0 is the environmental temperature, and considering the relation between the Gibbs free energy, the membrane electric potential and the pH [ 39 ]: where φ is the cell membrane electric potential, R u is the universal gas constant, F is the Faraday constant and pH is the potential of hydrogen, the application of an electromagnetic wave, at the characteristic frequency, generates a change in the membrane electric potential: with a related variation in the ion concentration at the membrane forced in accordance with the relation [ 31 , 37 ]: where c out and c in are the concentrations of any ion species outside and inside of the cell membrane. The previous relation (8) is the well-known Nernst equation in electrochemistry.…”

“…with a related variation in the ion concentration at the membrane forced in accordance with the relation [31,37]:…”

“…In fact, our previous thermodynamic analysis on cancer was validated on monolayers of cancer cells. As published in our most recent studies [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], life can be modelled as a thermodynamic biophysical process, based on the thermodynamic principle of the maximum conversion of available energy [ 30 ]. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, a cell is a system characterized by energy and matter fluxes through the cell membrane [ 32 ].…”

Is the Tendency to Maximise Energy Distribution an Optimal Collective Activity for Biological Purposes? A Proposal for a Global Principle of Biological Organization

“…And yet, the microscopic world of living bodies lives in non-equilibrium conditions: ions are maintained at different concentrations inside and outside cells, and so oninterested readers can consult several works on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of living processes, from Prigogine's initial efforts (Prigogine, 1961) to more recent ones (Lucia and Grisolia, 2022;Nicolis and De Decker, 2017). Therefore, is this another example of the local-global views of section 2.2?…”