Thermal runaway of commercial 18650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NCA cathodes – impact of state of charge and overcharge

Golubkov, Andrey W.; Scheikl, Sebastian; Planteu, René; Voitic, Gernot; Wiltsche, Helmar; Stangl, Christoph; Fauler, Gisela; Thaler, Alexander; Hacker, Viktor

doi:10.1039/c5ra05897j

Cited by 376 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case. 12 In this context, our study has two major goals: On one hand, we determine the main aging mechanisms for different cycling conditions by electrochemical tests and Post-Mortem analysis.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

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Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Li-ion cells are used in a variety of mobile and stationary applications. Their use must be safe under all conditions, even for aged cells in second-life applications. In the present study, different aging mechanisms are taken into account for accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) tests. 18650-type cells are cycled at 0 • C (Li plating expected) and at 45 • C (SEI growth expected). After extensive evaluation of the electrochemical results (voltage curve analysis, capacity fade, energy fade, Coulombic efficiency), the cells are tested by PostMortem analysis (CT, GD-OES, SEM) to reveal the main aging mechanisms and by ARC to test the safety behavior. Besides typical ARC results such as onset-of-self-heating, onset-of-thermal runaway and maximum temperatures, as well as acoustic responses of thermal runaway are evaluated and a method is developed to compare fresh cells and cells aged until different SOHs. It turns out that the safety of aged cells is not simply a function of the SOH. However, safety is strongly affected by the main aging mechanism and to the history of operating parameters during the life-time of the cell. Driven by the demand for higher capacity, lower volume, and lower weight, Li-ion technology was developed in the 1980s.1,2 Nowadays, Li-ion technology is used for energy storage in a large variety of applications, e.g. smartphones, tablets, or drones. In particular, electric vehicles in combination with renewable energy sources are promising for reducing climate change and the corresponding glacier melting and sea level rise which is influenced by burning fossil fuels.3-6 For all applications, the safety behavior under all specified operating conditions is most important.7-9 The same is true for aged Li-ion cells used in second-life applications, for example cells which are utilized in stationary energy storage applications after their usage in electric cars.In the past, failure of Li-ion cells led to product recalls which are very expensive for the manufacturers and unsettle customers, even if such incidents happen only in very few cases (ppm range).10 At the moment, safety tests have to be performed with Li-ion prototypes cells before market release. In these tests, fresh cells are always used, however, aged cells are usually neglected. Even if fresh cells show an acceptable safety behavior, this can change for aged cells. 7,[11][12][13][14][15] While some authors observed decreases for certain safety properties, 7,11,12 others found improvements. 12,13,15 It is well known that aging mechanisms change the properties of the materials inside Li-ion cells. [16][17][18][19] Operating conditions and materials have a strong influence on these aging mechanisms. 12,[20][21][22][23] We recently reported on a change of the aging mechanism with temperature for cycling aging of commercial 18650-type cells with graphite anodes and NMC/LMO cathodes. 20 This mechanism change is expressed by a V-shape in Arrhenius plots of the capacity fade rates obtained from cycling at different ambient temperatures. 20 This c...

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“…11,12,14,36,37 An effect of mossy Li deposited on graphite anodes on ARC results was later confirmed by Winter's group with other cells, although the effect was much weaker in their case.…”

supporting

confidence: 61%

supporting

confidence: 61%

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Waldmann

Quinn

Richter

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Our group compared the heat and gas emissions of commercial cells of the cylindrical 18650 format in previous studies [9,10,36]. In this work, the tested cells comprise pristine devices as well as cells artificially fast-aged by cycling and cells aged by storing them at 60 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…either excessive external heat influx or heat generation surpassing the ability of dissipation, poses a serious threat to the integrity of the device [7,8]. Thermally induced degradation processes comprise the evolution of gas from evaporation and degradation of the electrolyte, melting of the separator leading to internal short circuits, changes of the electrodes' structure releasing oxygen and lithium respectively and other fast selfaccelerating exothermic reactions leading to thermal runaway [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Lithium ion cells not only offer a higher energy density but also more resistance towards aging than other types of electrochemical secondary cells like Pb-acid batteries and NiMH systems [15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrical testing is performed by overcharging, deep discharging and externally short circuiting the cells [6,[20][21][22]. Most thermal stress tests are conducted by heating the cells continuously (thermal ramp tests), step-by-step (heat-wait-seek tests) or subjecting the devices to thermal shock [6,9,10,23,24]. Investigation of thermal characteristics, especially heat flux, is typically performed using calorimetric methods like cone calorimetry or accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) [8,[24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

Lammer

Königseder

Gluschitz

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.

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All‐Impurities Scavenging, Safe Separators with Functional Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks for High‐Energy‐Density Li‐Ion Battery

Son

Cho

Baek

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) have wide applications owing to their high‐energy density and stable cycle characteristics. Nevertheless, with the rapid expansion of electric vehicle market, issues such as explosion of LIBs and the need to secure a longer driving distance have emerged. In this work, functional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are introduced as a separator in LIBs, in which a highly heat‐resistant polymer separator is fabricated through electrospinning. The MOFs can scavenge impurities (including gas, water, and hydrofluoric acid) that positively affect battery performance and safety. The multi‐functional separator suppresses salt decomposition when a nickel‐rich cathode is operated at high voltage and high temperature through it. This delays the deterioration of the cathode interface and results in a superb cycle stability with 75% retention even in the presence of 500 ppm of water in the electrolytes. In addition, the pouch cell is manufactured by enlarging the separator, and the degree of electrode swelling due to gas generation and interface degradation in the pouch state is alleviated to 50% or less. These findings highlight the necessity of scavenging impurities to maintain excellent performance and provides the development direction of functional separators in LIBs.

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Thermal runaway of commercial 18650 Li-ion batteries with LFP and NCA cathodes – impact of state of charge and overcharge

Abstract: Destructive thermal ramp experiments with commercial Li-ion batteries at different state of charge were made. Produced gases were quantified and a causing chemical reaction system is proposed.

Cited by 376 publications

References 79 publications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Electrochemical, Post-Mortem, and ARC Analysis of Li-Ion Cell Safety in Second-Life Applications

Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure

All‐Impurities Scavenging, Safe Separators with Functional Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks for High‐Energy‐Density Li‐Ion Battery

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