This work introduces a new thermoelastic model of an isotropic and homogeneous annular cylinder. The cylinder’s bounding inner surface is shocked thermally, and the bounding outer surface has no temperature increment and volumetric strain. The governing equations in the context of the hyperbolic two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity with fractional-order strain theory have been derived. The numerical solutions of the conductive temperature, dynamic temperature, displacement, strain, and stress are illustrated in figures that use various values of fractional-order and two-temperature parameters to stand on their effects on the thermal and mechanical waves. The fractional-order parameter has significant impacts on the displacement, strain, and stress distributions. However, it does not affect dynamic or conductive temperatures. The hyperbolic two-temperature model is a successful model for making thermal and mechanical waves propagate at limited speeds.