Thermal stability of tungsten based metamaterial emitter under medium vacuum and inert gas conditions

Chirumamilla, Manohar; Krishnamurthy, Gnanavel Vaidhyanathan; Rout, S. S.; Ritter, Martin; Störmer, M.; Petrov, Alexander Yu.; Eich, Manfred

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60419-2

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…W tends to form W-oxides and sublimates at temperatures above 1000 °C. [4,78,79] To investigate the underlying physical reasons behind the increment of ε 2 due to heat treatment at 1400 °C (Figure 2E), structural characterizations such as SEM, XRD, and STEM analyses are performed. Figure 3 shows the normal-incidence SEM images of the TiN structure for as-fabricated and annealed (at 1400 °C for 2 h and 8 h) structures.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unprecedented Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Films up to 1400 °C

Krekeler

Rout

Krishnamurthy

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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Titanium nitride (TiN) has emerged as one of the most promising refractory materials for plasmonic and photonic applications at high temperatures due to its prominent optical properties along with mechanical and thermal stability. From a high temperature standpoint, TiN is a substitution for Au and Ag in the visible to near‐infrared wavelength range, with potential applications including thermophotovoltaics, thermoplasmonics, hot‐electron and high temperature reflective coatings. However, the optical properties and thermal stability of TiN films strongly depend on the growth conditions, such as temperature, partial pressure of the reactive ion gas, ion energy, and substrate orientation. In this work, epitaxial TiN films are grown at 835 °C on an Al2O3 substrate using a radio frequency sputtering method. The oxidization behavior of TiN is investigated at 1000 °C under a medium vacuum condition of 2 × 10–3 mbar, which is relevant for practical technical applications, and the thermal stability at 1400 °C under a high vacuum condition of 2 × 10–6 mbar. The TiN film structure shows an unprecedented structural stability at 1000 °C for a minimum duration of 2 h under a medium vacuum condition, and an exceptional thermal stability at 1400 °C, for 8 h under a high vacuum condition, without any protective coating layer. The work reveals, for the first time to the authors’ knowledge, that the TiN film structure with columnar grains exhibits remarkable thermal stability at 1400 °C due to low‐index interfaces and twin boundaries. These findings unlock the fundamental understanding of the TiN material at extreme temperatures and demonstrate a key step towards fabricating thermally stable photonic/plasmonic devices for harsh environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unprecedented Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Films up to 1400 °C

Krekeler

Rout

Krishnamurthy

et al. 2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…60 Similar structures, where a refractory metal such as W is sandwiched between dielectrics, have also exhibited comparable spectral efficiencies. 61,62 However, it is unclear if these promising properties will translate to high performance at operating temperatures. Additional studies are needed to explore their behavior and properties at high temperatures.…”

Section: Selective Emittersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Present Efficiencies and Future Opportunities in Thermophotovoltaics

Burger

Sempere

Roy-Layinde

et al. 2020

Joule

165

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Despite the relevance of thermophotovoltaic (TPV) conversion to many emerging energy technologies, identifying which aspects of current TPV designs are favorable and where opportunities for improvement remain is challenging because of the experimental variability in TPV literature, including emitter and cell temperatures, cavity geometry, and system scale. This review examines several decades of experimental TPV literature and makes meaningful comparisons across TPV reports by comparing each energy-conversion step to its respective, experiment-specific thermodynamic limit. We find that peak reported efficiencies are nearing 50% of their thermodynamic limit. Emitter-cell pairs that best manage the broad spectrum of thermal radiation exhibit the best efficiencies. Large gains in peak efficiency are expected from further suppression of sub-bandgap radiative transfer, as well as improvements in carrier management that address bandgap underutilization and Ohmic losses. Furthermore, there is a noticeable practical gap between the leading material pairs and integrated devices, mainly due to a lack of scaled-up high-performance materials, which exposes surfaces to parasitic heat loss. Provided these challenges are overcome, TPVs may ultimately provide power on demand and near the point of use, enabling greater integration of intermittent renewables.

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“…This type of emitter has broad applications in infrared monitoring [ 4 ], gas sensing [ 5 ], and radiation cooling [ 6 ], and is the research hot-spot in the energy [ 7 , 8 , 9 ] and sensing fields [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Light emission-correlated tests for LMM are usually performed on bulky external heaters [ 1 , 13 , 14 ]. However, considering the demand in the sensing field, the LMM thermal emitter is best equipped for these tests, with an integrated heater [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], such as the microhotplates or integrated electric heating films used in the microelectromechanical systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, whether used for radiation heating or sensing, the emitter will face a very complex environment. However, the existing test system has no atmospheric control capability and can only perform tests under vacuum [ 9 , 13 ] and in atmospheric conditions [ 14 , 20 ]. A test system that can accurately control the gas composition, pressure, and humidity is necessary for environmental simulations to study the influence of environmental parameters on the performances of the infrared thermal emitter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A test system that can accurately control the gas composition, pressure, and humidity is necessary for environmental simulations to study the influence of environmental parameters on the performances of the infrared thermal emitter. Finally, the research conducted thus far on the LMM emitter is still in the early stage of its development, and many technical issues, particularly the stability of the structure, must be improved [ 13 , 21 ]. This requires the testing system to be able to conduct various types of fatigue tests and sample failure mechanism analyses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A High Precision and Multifunctional Electro-Optical Conversion Efficiency Measurement System for Metamaterial-Based Thermal Emitters

Liu

Zhao

Gong

et al. 2022

Sensors

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In this study, a multifunctional high-vacuum system was established to measure the electro-optical conversion efficiency of metamaterial-based thermal emitters with built-in heaters. The system is composed of an environmental control module, an electro-optical conversion measurement module, and a system control module. The system can provide air, argon, high vacuum, and other conventional testing environments, combined with humidity control. The test chamber and sample holder are carefully designed to minimize heat transfer through thermal conduction and convection. The optical power measurements are realized using the combination of a water-cooled KBr flange, an integrating sphere, and thermopile detectors. This structure is very stable and can detect light emission at the μW level. The system can synchronously detect the heating voltage, heating current, optical power, sample temperatures (both top and bottom), ambient pressure, humidity, and other environmental parameters. The comprehensive parameter detection capability enables the system to monitor subtle sample changes and perform failure mechanism analysis with the aid of offline material analysis using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the system can be used for fatigue and high-low temperature impact tests.

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Thermal stability of tungsten based metamaterial emitter under medium vacuum and inert gas conditions

Cited by 37 publications

References 56 publications

Unprecedented Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Films up to 1400 °C

Unprecedented Thermal Stability of Plasmonic Titanium Nitride Films up to 1400 °C

Present Efficiencies and Future Opportunities in Thermophotovoltaics

A High Precision and Multifunctional Electro-Optical Conversion Efficiency Measurement System for Metamaterial-Based Thermal Emitters

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