Thermal synthesis, characterization and electrochemical study of high-temperature (HT) LiCoO 2 obtained from Co(OH) 2 recycled of spent lithium ion batteries

Assessment of recycling methods and processes for lithium-ion batteries

“…Insoluble compounds are yielded from leaching solutions by chemical precipitation of precious metals. Generally, sodium carbonate, oxalic acid, ammonium oxalate and sodium hydroxide are the precipitants which are able to react with lithium and cobalt ions for the formation of insoluble precipitates of lithium carbonate ( Zhu et al., 2012 ; Gao et al., 2017 ; Song and Zhao, 2018 ), lithium phosphate ( Hu et al., 2017 ; Yang et al., 2018 ; Forte et al., 2020 ), cobalt oxalate ( Sun and Qiu, 2012 ; Nayaka et al., 2015 ) and cobalt hydroxide ( Pegoretti et al., 2017 ). Moreover, trace amounts of impurities such as aluminum or iron can be removed by chemical precipitation ( Granata et al., 2012a ; Joo et al., 2016b ; Zheng et al., 2017a ).…”

A Rapid and Facile Approach for the Recycling of High‐Performance LiNi1−x−yCoxMnyO2 Active Materials

“…[2] Several recycling approaches can already be found in the literature, employing a variety of different techniques, such as hydrometallurgical processes, direct regeneration, and electrochemical recycling, among others. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The most common approaches are hydrometallurgical, given the availability of a large-scale processing infrastructure, which is already in use for the extraction of metals from their ores. Nevertheless, such methods suffer from long process chains due to the need for separate extraction procedures for each metal.…”

“…[3] Unfortunately, in this approach, the binder and carbon additives are dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) prior to immersing the active material in citric acid, which raises concerns for large-scale production due to the toxicity of the employed solvent. It should also be noted that, beyond citric acid, a wide range of alternative acids can be used for the active material dissolution, such as HNO 3 , [4][5][6] HCl, [6][7][8]17] H 2 SO 4 , [6,[9][10][11] or organic acids. [12,21] One can also use bacteria (e. g., Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) for the leaching process, which offer high leaching efficiencies and low costs; however, these solutions are not very robust, and the leaching environment must be strictly controlled.…”

Classification of spent Li-ion batteries based on ICP-OES/X-ray characterization of the cathode materials

“…Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were principally developed in Japan by the company Asahi Kasei Co in order to respond to the growing need for batteries with better characteristics, whereby the companies Sony Co, Japan (during 1991) and A&T Battery Corp., Japan (during 1992) contributed significantly to their commercialization [1]. In comparison with the other types of similar products, LIBs have a longer service life, low self-discharge efficiency, high specific energy and energy density, wide range of operating temperatures, negligible memory effect and a very high capacity while not requiring almost any maintenance; these properties contributed to consideration of LIBs as the best solution for sustainable transport and smart electronics [2][3][4][5][6][7]. For instance, the existing expansion of information technologies, and hybrid and electric vehicles (HEV and EV, respectively), resulted in a constant growth of applications of LIBs [8][9][10].…”