Thermal treatment stimulus on erythrocyte compatibility and hemostatic behavior of one‐dimensional bioactive nanostructures

Abstract

This study identifies the role and significance of heat treatment parameters on blood compatibility and hemostatic performances. Bioactive nanomaterials step annealed at 550 and 600°C enhances the biocompatibility due to the liberation of nitrate content. This also develops the anisotropic structures such as needle‐like and rod‐like appearances that positively improve the erythrocyte compatibility. Different stable crystalline phases such as NaCaPO4, Na2Ca2Si3O9, and Na1.8Ca1.1Si6O14 were observed for all the bioactive materials, whereas in the case of 800°C, phase transition of Na3CaPSiO7 was perceived along with P2O5. Alternatively, morphology varied from cubical (600°C) to rod‐like (step annealing) and further turned toward flake‐like (800°C) structures. Step‐annealing process decomposed the nitrate groups as well as maintained the glass network without altering the crystalline phases. As a result, bioactive nanomaterials subjected to step annealing at 550°C along with 600°C exhibited superior compatibility with erythrocytes. Bioglass heat treated at 800°C revealed incredible blood clotting efficacy, in which Ca2+ ions initiated the thrombotic effect, blood components were concentrated due to the effect of calcium, and enhances the hemostatic performance. Bioactive glass annealed below 800°C facilitates the biocompatibility, subsequently encourage bone ingrowths at in vivo. Bioglass‐800°C inspired the fibrin formation and induced clot as a hemostat to control hemorrhage.

Crucial Chemical Revelations in 45S5 Bioactive Glass via Sequential Precursor Integration Order

“…Boccaccini et al reported that further increasing the sintering temperature between 800 and 950 °C yields a phosphate-rich silicorhenanite (Na 2 Ca 4 (PO 4 ) 2 SiO 4 ) phase . On the other hand, Shivalingam et al reported that higher sintering temperatures might reduce the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the prepared bioactive glass material . Thus, the biomaterial sintered at 800 °C yielded the Na 4 Ca 4 Si 6 O 18 phase reported to form an amorphous calcium phosphate layer on immersion in simulated body fluid and delayed crystallization to the hydroxyapatite phase.…”

“…25 On the other hand, Shivalingam et al reported that higher sintering temperatures might reduce the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the prepared bioactive glass material. 13 Thus, the biomaterial sintered at 800 °C yielded the Na 4 Ca 4 Si 6 O 18 phase reported to form an amorphous calcium phosphate layer on immersion in simulated body fluid and delayed crystallization to the hydroxyapatite phase. Another dominant phase observed in the E-Si-P biomaterial is the hexagonal structured Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH) hydroxyapatite phase well matched with JCPDS #86-0740.…”

“…The SBF with pH 7.4 dissolved in double distilled water was prepared in the laboratory using Hanks' balance salts (HBSS) purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 13,14 A total of 100 mg/10 mL (w/v) was taken in centrifuge tubes and kept in a shaking incubator (REMI CIS-24 plus) for a period of 7, 14, and 21 days. The supernatant was removed after particular days, and pH was measured using LABMAN LMPH-10.…”

“…Conclusively, from the above results and T p1 crystallization, the sintering temperature of 800 °C was followed to achieve a semicrystalline biomaterial, preserving its bioactivity and biocompatibility. 13 3.2. X-ray Diffraction Crystallographic Structural Analysis.…”

“…This is because Na atoms with a lower BE in E-Si-P easily pierce out and rupture the structure of RBC. 13,16 3.7. BET Surface Area and Porosity Analysis.…”