Thermal Waters in Bulgaria

Benderev, Aleksey; Hristov, Vladimir; Bojadgieva, Klara; Mihailova, B.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25379-4_3

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…To systematize the results and link them to hydrogeology, the C RnW results from the springs were grouped by the hydrogeological regions of the country. Bulgaria has been divided into three major hydrogeological regions, which is closely linked to the main geological structures, namely, low Danubian Artesian, intermediate, and Rila-Rhodope (Benderev, et. al., 2016;Hristov, et.…”

Section: Radon Concentration In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Exposure To Radon in Bulgarian Rehabilitation Hospitals

Ivanova

Djuvnakova

Stojanovska

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Mineral springs are used in spa resorts throughout the world. Radon is a natural radioactive source, which can dissolve, accumulate, and be transported by water. This study investigates the radon concentration in air and water in 12 Bulgarian rehabilitation hospitals and presents the assessment of the exposure to radon in them. The measurements were performed at 401 premises within 21 buildings, using two types of passive detectors for a dry and wet environment that were exposed from February, 2019 to June, 2019. The radon concentration varied from 19 to 2550 Bq/m3 with an arithmetic mean and a standard deviation of 102 Bq/m3 and 191 Bq/m3, respectively. The hypothesis that in hospitals the source of radon, besides soil under the buildings, is also the mineral water that is used for treatment, was tested. Thermal water samples were procured sequentially from a spring and baths to analyse the reduction of radon concentration in them till reaching the premises. The results show that the concentration of radon decreased by approximately 50%. Further, the correlation analysis applied to the data proved the relation of the levels of indoor radon in the treatment rooms with those in the water. Mineral water used in rehabilitation hospitals have radon transfer coefficients ranging from 4.5·10− 4 to 8.4·10− 3. In addition, an analysis of the exposure of patients and workers to radon in rehabilitation hospitals based on the indoor radon levels and period of exposure was performed.

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Section: Radon Concentration In Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Exposure To Radon in Bulgarian Rehabilitation Hospitals

Ivanova

Djuvnakova

Stojanovska

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Populations on the territory of present-day Bulgaria have used thermal and mineral waters since ancient times. The conditions and factors for their formation, distribution, qualities and potential uses have been the subject of numerous studies (Dobrev, 1912;Penev, 1927;Azmanov, 1940;Kusitaseva and Melamed, 1958;Shterev, 1964;Petrov et al, 1970;Velinov andBojadgieva, 1981, 1998;Pentcheva et al, 1997;Vladeva et al, 2000;Bojadgieva and Gasharov, 2001;Bojadgieva et al, 2010;Galabov and Stoyanov, 2011;Benderev et al, 2016, Hristov et al, 2019. Despite of the country's relatively small area of approximately 111,000 km 2 , there are 630 springs and wells located in 170 geothermal fields.…”

Section: Geological and Hydrogeological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are different interpretations of the tectonic structure of the country (Yaranov, 1960;Bonchev, 1971;Yovchev, 1971;Zagorčev, 1992;Zagortchev, 1994;Dabovski et al, 2002;Zagorchev, 2009); however, two main zones are distinguished: Northern and Southern Bulgaria. The Balkan Mountains, predetermining the different conditions for the formation of both fresh (Antonov and Danchev, 1980) and thermal waters (Shterev, 1964;Petrov et al, 1970;Benderev et al, 2016) naturally divide these zones.…”

Section: Geological and Hydrogeological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral water bottling in Bulgaria

Hristov¹,

Valtchev²,

Trayanova³

et al. 2023

GeolBalc

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Bulgaria is rich in sources of mineral water of temperatures in the range of 25 °C–100 °C and various chemical compositions due to diverse geological and hydrogeological conditions. A large portion of the reservoirs of low-mineralisation water is suitable for bottling. Most of them are situated in Southern Bulgaria and related to fractured hydrothermal systems, while in Northern Bulgaria mineral waters of low mineralisation are formed in the relatively shallow levels of artesian aquifers. In the last 30 years, the utilisation of bottled mineral water has increased and, currently, there are at least 18 bottling facilities, while 12 others have closed down for various reasons. The purpose of the present study is to characterise the chemical composition of the Bulgarian mineral waters utilised for bottling, in terms of geological setting, quality, compliance with regulations and possible problems associated with mineral deposition and corrosion. The water type largely depends on the host rocks. In most cases, sodium-type waters are utilized and, in the case of anions, bicarbonate and sulphate. The only exceptions are the waters formed in limestone, dolomite and marble, which are calcium-bicarbonate and calcium-magnesium type.

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“…Only in isolated cases, in areas with old swamps in Quaternary and Pliocene alluvial and lake deposits, local zones with iron content above 0.2 are established. The conditions of formation and the chemical composition of the thermal and mineral waters in Bulgaria are different in the northern and southern parts of the country (Benderev et al, 2016). In Southern Bulgaria, the geological conditions predetermine the presence mainly of nitrogen acratotherms formed in fault zones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions and processes of precipitation of iron compounds upon discharge of high-mineralized artesian water from artesian borehole R-30, Staro Oryahovo, Bulgaria

Benderev

Trayanova

Tarassov

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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The artesian borehole R-30-Staro Oryahovo with total depth of 1740 m gives waters of chlorine-sodium type with a mineralization of 31 g/L from formations of Paleogene age. These waters contain high concentrations of iron and because of this, intense precipitation of iron compounds takes place at and around the wellhead. To clarify the ongoing processes, samples of precipitates and overflow water were taken. It was shown that the predominant form of iron in the water before reaching the surface is Fe 2? -85-90% and FeCl ? -4-11%. The calculated saturation index for a number of Fe 2?containing minerals showed that hydroxides and sulfates of Fe 2? are the possible candidates for sources of iron in the water. The reductive dissolution of wide spread Fe 3? -containing minerals (hematite, goethite) was assumed as a possible alternative process releasing Fe 2? into water. At the surface, due to the contacts with the atmospheric oxygen, the environment is sharply changed to oxidizing one thus forming a geochemical barrier and causing mass precipitation of Fe 3? oxides. Simultaneous Fe 2? oxidation, hydrolysis of Fe 3? and co-precipitation with silica and other components are assumed as the major processes causing the formation of low-crystalline Si-containing ferrihydrite or ferrihydrite-like phase. After formation, the precipitated gels due to the processes of aging and continued interaction with the outflowing water have suffered the further change including the formation of goethite. It was shown that due to the intensive precipitation processes, the iron migration to the surface is limited to a very small area and does not affect adjacent agricultural territories with Fe.

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Thermal Waters in Bulgaria

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Analysis of Exposure To Radon in Bulgarian Rehabilitation Hospitals

Analysis of Exposure To Radon in Bulgarian Rehabilitation Hospitals

Mineral water bottling in Bulgaria

Conditions and processes of precipitation of iron compounds upon discharge of high-mineralized artesian water from artesian borehole R-30, Staro Oryahovo, Bulgaria

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