Thermalization of hadrons via Hagedorn states

Beitel, M.; Gallmeister, K.; Greiner, Carsten

doi:10.1103/physrevc.90.045203

Cited by 25 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Having the total decay width and the corresponding composition, one is able to calculate the branching ratios for the decay into light Hagedorn states and/or hadrons. Performing such cascading decay simulations, the resulting hadron multiplicity coincide very well with experimentally observed value [11]. This is visualized in fig.…”

Section: Model and Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Fast Dynamical Evolution of Hadron Resonance Gas via Hagedorn States

Beitel

Gallmeister

Greiner

2017

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. Hagedorn states (HS) are a tool to model the hadronization process which occurs in the phase transition region between the quark gluon plasma (QGP) and the hadron resonance gas (HRG). These states are believed to appear near the Hagedorn temperature TH which in our understanding equals the critical temperature Tc. A covariantly formulated bootstrap equation is solved to generate the zoo of these particles characterized baryon number B, strangeness S and electric charge Q. These hadron-like resonances are characterized by being very massive and by not being limited to quantum numbers of known hadrons. All hadronic properties like masses, spectral functions etc. are taken from the hadronic transport model Ultra Relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD). Decay chains of single Hagedorn states provide a well description of experimentally observed multiplicity ratios of strange and multi-strange particles as the Ξ 0 -and the Ω − -baryon. In addition, the final energy spectra of resulting hadrons show a thermal-like distribution with the characteristic Hagedorn temperature TH . Box calculations including these Hagedorn states are performed. Indeed, the time scales leading to equilibration of the system are drastically reduced down to 2. . . 5 fm/c. IntroductionBack in the 60's of the last century and before the advent of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the theory of strong interactions, R. Hagedorn [1] proposed the existence of a whole zoo of massive, unobserved hadronic resonance states. The spectrum of these particles, known as Hagedorn spectrum, exhibits the specific feature of being exponential in the infinite mass limit with the slope given by the so called Hagedorn temperature T H . This temperature denotes the limiting temperature for hadronic matter since any partition function of a HRG with Hagedornlike mass spectrum diverges as long as T > T H . Above the Hagedorn temperature a new state of matter, namely the QGP, shall be realized. Thus, Hagedorn states provide a tool to understand the phase transition from HRG to QGP and back. The Hagedorn states are created in multi-particle collisions most abundantly near T H which in our understanding equals to the critical temperature T c . Hagedorn states are color neutral objects which are allowed to have any quantum numbers as long as they are compatible with its mass. The appearance of Hagedorn states in multi-particle collisions and their role was already discussed in [2,3,4,5,6]. Their appearance near T c can explain, as shown in [4,5,6], the fast chemical equilibration of (multi-) strange baryons B and their anti-particlesB at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) energies. The inclusion of Hagedorn states in a hadron resonance gas model provides also a lowering of

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Section: Model and Resultssupporting

confidence: 67%

Fast Dynamical Evolution of Hadron Resonance Gas via Hagedorn States

Beitel

Gallmeister

Greiner

2017

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…Two different fits are shown characterized by a model parame- Figure from Ref. [32] We further see in Fig. 5 that a noticeably different number of M > 2 GeV states can be expected depending on the value of T H , even if the resonances for M < 1.7 GeV are equally well fitted in both cases.…”

Section: What Is the Hagedorn Temperature T H ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…. An example for this is provided by the SBM model of Beitel, Gallmeister and Greiner [32]. Using a conserved discrete quantum numbers approach, explicit fits lead to the same (within 1 MeV) value of T H for mesons and baryons [32].…”

Section: What Is the Hagedorn Temperature T H ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks

Rafelski

2016

Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks - From Hagedorn Temperature to Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions at CERN

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Abstract. In the context of the Hagedorn temperature half-centenary I describe our understanding of the hot phases of hadronic matter both below and above the Hagedorn temperature. The first part of the review addresses many frequently posed questions about properties of hadronic matter in different phases, phase transition and the exploration of quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The historical context of the discovery of QGP is shown and the role of strangeness and strange antibaryon signature of QGP illustrated. In the second part I discuss the corresponding theoretical ideas and show how experimental results can be used to describe the properties of QGP at hadronization. The material of this review is complemented by two early and unpublished reports containing the prediction of the different forms of hadron matter, and of the formation of QGP in relativistic heavy ion collisions, including the discussion of strangeness, and in particular strange antibaryon signature of QGP.

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“…Thermalization rates can also be significantly increased if one directly includes the Hagedorn states, or resonances, with an exponential mass spectrum [22][23][24] in a hadron-resonance gas model. The simultaneous collision of several particles, most likely pions, cannot create a string, whereas it can produce a massive resonance called Hagedorn state (HS) [22].…”

Section: Equilibrium In the Central Cell And In The Boxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, the times to reach chemical equilibrium for kaons and lambdas in the UrQMD box calculations are shortened to 2 fm/c and 5 fm/c, respectively [24]. Proper inclusion of the Hagedorn states to microscopic transport models deserves further investigations.…”

Section: Equilibrium In the Central Cell And In The Boxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Appearance of Hagedorn limiting temperature in microscopic model calculations

et al. 2016

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Abstract. One of important consequences of Hagedorn statistical bootstrap model is the prediction of limiting temperature T crit for hadron systems colloquially known as Hagedorn temperature. According to Hagedorn, this effect should be observed in hadron spectra obtained in infinite equilibrated nuclear matter rather than in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We present results of microscopic model calculations for the infinite nuclear matter, simulated by a box with periodic boundary conditions. The limiting temperature indeed appears in the model calculations. Its origin is traced to strings and many-body decays of resonances.

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Thermalization of hadrons via Hagedorn states

Cited by 25 publications

References 46 publications

Fast Dynamical Evolution of Hadron Resonance Gas via Hagedorn States

Fast Dynamical Evolution of Hadron Resonance Gas via Hagedorn States

Melting Hadrons, Boiling Quarks

Appearance of Hagedorn limiting temperature in microscopic model calculations

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