“…The tribological effect of Magnéli phases (Gardos, 2000; Woydt, 2000), the detection and effect of different Ti‐O phases, relevant phases in the Ti‐O system (Berger, 2004; Anderson and Magnéli, 1956) and tribological tests with Ti‐containing and TiO x materials is described in different publications (Woydt et al , 1999; Woydt, 2004). Different thermal spray techniques are available for the deposition of triboactive, substoichiometric TiO x , Ti n −2 Cr 2 O 2 n −1 and TiMoCN coatings (Toma et al , 2004; Flor, 2003b; Berger et al , 1998) A strong effect of phase stoichiometry on point defects, polarity and electric properties was found (Berger, 2004;Toma et al , 2004; Kernler, 1991) Particular interest is drawn on titanium oxide‐based coatings for deposition on lightweight components for surface protection, higher thermal and higher wear resistance of tribologically stressed engine components (Barbezat and Sulzer Metco, 2004; Storz et al , 2001; Storz, 2001; Woydt et al , 2004; Buchmann et al , 2002; Buchmann, 2002; Flor, 2003a, b).…”