“…Thermal cracking affects properties of rocks, which is considered in a range of underground engineering applications in high-temperature environments, such as energy exploitation of traditional geothermal (Fleuchaus et al, 2018;Ranjith et al, 2012), energy extraction of hot dry rock (HDR) (Breede et al, 2013;Olasolo et al, 2016), disposal of high-level radioactive waste (Kumari et al, 2017;Miao et al, 2020), engineering fire and underground coal fire (Ferreira et al, 2014;Freire-Lista et al, 2016;Yin et al, 2022), underground coal gasification (UCG) (Otto and Kempka, 2015;Perkins, 2018), and enhanced oil recovery (Egboga et al, 2017;Jin et al, 2019a). High temperature may induce thermal stress and additional stress due to (1) mismatch of mineral thermal expansion, (2) thermal expansion anisotropy within individual minerals, (3) aÀb transition of quartz at a specific temperature, and (4) thermal gradient formed by a sharp variation in temperature (Collin and Rowcliffe, 2000;Glover et al, 1995;Jiang et al, 2022;Jin et al, 2019b;Richter and Simmons, 1974).…”