Thermo-mechanical devulcanization and recycling of rubber industry waste

Seghar, Saïd; Asaro, Lucía; Rolland-Monnet, Morena; Hocine, Nourredine Aït

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.047

Cited by 124 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In this method, oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ) [61], nitric acid (HNO 3 ) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) [62], and sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) [63], as well as energy radiation (microwave [21], gamma [64], and plasma [19]), and ultrasonic waves [65]) have been used for GTR surface treatment. Also, rubber regeneration is used to partially destroy the crosslinked structure and induce more chain mobility (molecular freedom) for better GTR bonding with the matrix chains [66]. All these techniques will be explained in more detail later, including a general discussion on the effect of GTR on the final rubber compounds properties.…”

Section: Gtr In Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020

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Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

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Section: Gtr In Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020

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“…Recent trends in this field research show that low-temperature devulcanization is gaining increasing attention [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The application of lower temperatures during processing allows for limiting the main chain scission and reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds that are characteristic for the reclaiming/devulcanization process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

et al. 2020

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Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.

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“…The obtained reclaimed polymer can be replaced by 10-30% of the virgin rubber without affecting the basic rubber properties. Recycling of natural rubber (NR) by thermo-mechanical devulcanization occurred and it was revealed that the NR/waste rubber can almost completely recycled with low energy consumption without affecting the quality of the final product [7]. All samples have been subjected to different measurements to study their physical properties such as specific gravity, water absorption, water penetration, UV weathering, thermal aging, dimensional stability, mechanical measurements and hardness shore A.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic polymer-based waterproofing membranes by incorporation of wastes to form eco-friendly material

2020

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Waste recycling is a way to produce innovative low cost eco-friendly materials to solve environmental problems caused by different types of industrial by-product and polymeric wastes. Natural rubber loaded with different types of waste materials Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2, Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), Fly Ash (class F) and Waste rubber (WR) by mixing through open mill and then pressed in hot press to obtain low cost eco-friendly waterproofing membranes with desired properties. All samples pass the water penetration test up to 6 bars. The samples water absorption coefficients ranged from (0.1 to 0.3%) for all investigated samples. UV weathering and thermal aging tests were done to the samples while no changes on mechanical properties appeared before and after the tests. Dimensional stability test was done for all samples; a slight dimension change occurs. The mechanical and hardness measurements for all samples were done while good mechanical properties obtained. The price of square meter of 2 mm thickness for all samples was calculated in order to estimate its feasibility. A comparison of our samples with other waterproofing membranes from two famous Egyptian companies was done. Low cost and qualified waterproofing material can be obtained from recycling of some wastes.

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Thermo-mechanical devulcanization and recycling of rubber industry waste

Cited by 124 publications

References 36 publications

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

Economic polymer-based waterproofing membranes by incorporation of wastes to form eco-friendly material

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