Thermo-mechanical properties of devulcanized rubber/high crystalline polypropylene blends modified by ionizing radiation

Hassan, Medhat M.; Badway, Nagwa A.; Elnaggar, Mona Y.; Hegazy, El‐Sayed A.

doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.024

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The extender oil is generally a mixture of hydrocarbons which serves to soften the rubber and enhance work capacity . Furthermore, the main products of thermal degradation of NR are isoprene, dipentene, and p‐menthene . Another two stages of mass loss between of 300 and 500°C on the TGA curve agree with the deterioration of rubber component.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber

Elnaggar

Fathy

Amdeha

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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This investigation focused on the opportunity of devulcanizing waste Rubber (WR) by ultrasonication to study the possibility of utilized as an added substance to replace with styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) in preparation process with the final aim of preparation new composites. The present work expects to compare the ultrasonic technique and the previous work on devulcanization by mechano‐chemical method. The influence of the ultrasonication treatment on the WR was explored by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that ultrasonication was observed to be the best factor impacting the devulcanization procedure, this procedure suggests that use of specific levels of ultrasonic waves to the vulcanized rubber with a specific aim to accomplish a particular breaking of compound connections: scission of C‐S and S‐S bonds without break carbon–carbon (C‐C) bonds. Various blends of devulcanized WR with SBR was treatments with gamma ray then investigated and compared with find out the rubber giving the highest compatibility for compounding and revulcanization. In addition, a comparison of these results was made with the ones of raw SBR rubber compound. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:807–813, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 53%

Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber

Elnaggar

Fathy

Amdeha

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Study conducted by Ratnam et al (2014) concluded the presence of ground tire rubber in EVA matrix has a disrupting role in the EVA chain molecules arrangement when cooling from melt, thus reducing the crystallinity of the blend. RTR surface contains free chains (due to devulcanized structure of RTR) that allow intermingling of EVA chains with RTR, promoting the "amorphous state" in the space closest to RTR surface (Hassan et al, 2013c). Therefore, reducing the heat of fusion and crystallinity (at 0kGy) of the blends, regardless of RTR content.…”

Section: Dsc Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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“…However, there are methods that can be used to obtain recycled materials with enhanced properties, so that the rubber becomes processable and moldable. Once the rubber can flow, it can be revulcanized as the virgin rubber [5] or it can also be incorporated into thermoplastics to produce high toughness materials [6][7][8][9]. The technique known as devulcanization is used for regaining this fluidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Devulcanization of ground tire rubber: Physical and chemical changes after different microwave exposure times

Garcia¹,

Sousa²,

Lima³

et al. 2015

Express Polym. Lett.

156

123

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Abstract.Microwave devulcanization is known to be a promising and an efficient rubber recycling method which makes possible for the rubber to regain its fluidity, and makes it capable of being remolded and revulcanized. The focus of this work is to understand the physical and chemical changes that occur in the ground tire rubber after different microwave exposure periods. For this purpose chemical, thermal, rheological and morphological analyses were performed on the tire rubber, which contains natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as polymeric material. The results showed that the microwave treatment promoted the breaking of sulfur cross-links and consequently increased the rubber fluidity. However, long periods of exposure led to degradation and modification of some properties. At nanoscale, the deformation of the devulcanized NR domain under stress was observed, and the morphology obtained appears to be a droplet dispersion morphology. The most exposed samples presented only one glass transition temperature, and from this it was concluded that the treatment may have played an important role in the compatibilization of the elastomeric blend. Based on the results, it is required to control the microwave exposure time and polymeric degradation in order to achieve a regenerated rubber with satisfactory properties.

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Thermo-mechanical properties of devulcanized rubber/high crystalline polypropylene blends modified by ionizing radiation

Cited by 34 publications

References 42 publications

Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber

Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Devulcanization of ground tire rubber: Physical and chemical changes after different microwave exposure times

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