Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Niti Closed Coil Springs – Force Degradation and Force Regeneration Over Time, Viscous Properties

Bezrouk, Aleš; Balsky, Libor; Smutný, Martin; Nosek, Tomáš; Zahora, Jiri; Hanus, Jozef; Polma, Richard

doi:10.14712/18059694.2014.22

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…4 The entire process of extension and verification of the forces released by the springs was repeated five-time for each spring tested. The methodology proposed in the present study had previously been adopted in the studies of Bezrouk et al 2 and Maganzini et al 4 The nickel-titanium closed springs were evaluated by means of traction forces in a universal test machine EMIC DL 200 MF (Instron®, São José dos Pinhais, SP, Brazil) programmed with a speed of 10 mm/minute. Data analyses and collection were obtained by means of the software Tesc version 3.04 (EMIC, Curitiba/PR, Brazil).…”

Section: Sample Preparation and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 A previous study 4 drew attention to the analysis of the catalog of numerous commercial brands, which highlighted distinct terms on their packages, such as "ultralight", "light", "medium", "heavy", and "extra heavy", or listed "constant force values" such as "100 gf", "150 gf", and "200 gf", and even identified the springs by the diameter of the lumen, such as "0.010", "0.011" and "0.012". However, possible biases of previous studies 2,3 were found in the performance of traction tests to obtain the forces released by the springs, with a lack of attention to, and questions about these terms. Furthermore, there is no comparison of the results of studies with these standardized force values provided on the labels by the manufacturers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…With the use of nickel-titanium super elastic closed springs, ideally, there should hardly be any reduction in force during tooth movement, because the properties of the springs should remain unchanged during the entire time of use. 2 However, some authors 3 have affirmed that the springs fail to exhibit constant release of deactivation forces based on in vitro tests performed by traction of nickel-titanium closed springs of the GAC brand, which had one immediate measurement and another after 4 weeks. This showed a distinct reduction in the force released by the springs between the first and second measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An In Vitro Comparison of the Forces Released by Closed Nickel–Titanium Springs

Carvalho

Vieira

Castro

et al. 2019

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the force-release behavior of closed coil nickel-titanium springs of three different commercial brands available on the market, as well those from different batches, tested over multiple distances, according to the number of deactivations. Materials and methods: For this in vitro analysis, closed coil nickel-titanium springs of the following numbers and brands: eight, 3 mm GAC® springs; eight, 3 mm springs from TP Orthodontics® and eight, 5 mm springs from MORELLI® were standardized at 200 gf force. Two batches of all three brands were tested and compared. All springs were evaluated on a test machine and extended to a distance of five times beyond their original length. The springs were extended, and the distances of force released were measured and marked at every 20% of the total spring length, during their deactivation, and the process was repeated five times for each spring. Results: The intraclass correlation coefficients showed that the value of 200 gf indicated by the manufacturers was poorly reproduced. The springs did not change their force release after successive extensions. All springs presented higher deactivation force values as their stretching increased. Conclusion:All springs presented the greater release of force as their stretch was increased, but the GAC® brand springs presented a more uniform pattern. TP Orthodontics® springs exhibited an acceptable force release pattern, but MORELLI® springs proved to be far below expected strength. Clinical significance: As a clinical consideration of the study, the results obtained in the present research are relevant to the use of nickeltitanium closed springs with regard to the quantity of force released during the mechanics of space closure after extraction (main application of nickel-titanium closed springs), and to the pattern of forces released by springs in view of the real context of gradual closure of spaces after tooth extractions.

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Section: Sample Preparation and Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An In Vitro Comparison of the Forces Released by Closed Nickel–Titanium Springs

Carvalho

Vieira

Castro

et al. 2019

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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show abstract

“…We tested ten different types of springs from five manufacturers (GAC, 3M, Dentaurum, OrthoOrganizers, AmericanOrthodontics) (table 1). For each type of spring, we performed a number of stability [16] and destructive tests to discover the optimal plateau phase deployment and measurement limits for safe spring operation. Fifteen samples of each spring type were tested.…”

Section: Experimental Part Test Springsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nickel-Titanium Closed-coil Springs. Evaluation of the clinical plateau

Bezrouk¹,

Balsky²,

Krulichova³

et al. 2017

Rev. Chim.

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In this in vitro study, we tested 10 types of springs from 5 manufacturers. We performed a simulation of the clinically relevant action of the spring during its application and treatment of the patient. For determining the deactivation plateau, we developed an innovative statistical method, making it feasible to precisely find and evaluate the necessary clinically relevant parameters of all types of NiTi SE closed-coil springs in the market. In terms of the application simplicity, the 3M 12 and 3M 9 springs proved to be the most suitable.

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