“…Hence, in the investigation of bismuth metamaterial, developing lithography-free fabrication methods are highly desired. So far, the bismuth thin film, the bismuth nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric matrix, and the bismuth nanorod array are applied as the optical metamaterials for absorbers [45,[47][48][49][50][51][52], filters [49,53,54], and analog tuners for intensity and phase [55][56][57], as well as for thermaloptical switching [54,58,59]. Additionally, they can be prepared via lithography-free routes including regular physical vapor deposition (PVD) via magnetron sputter or thermal evaporation [32],pulse laser deposition (PLD) [60], and glazing-angle deposition (GLAD) [57].…”