Thermo-Oxidative Decomposition Behaviors of Different Sources of n-C₇ Asphaltenes under High-Pressure Conditions

Abstract

Effects of pressure on thermo-oxidative decomposition of different sources of n-C7 asphaltenes were investigated at high pressure using a thermogravimetric analyzer under an air atmosphere. The n-C7 asphaltenes were extracted from different heavy and extra-heavy crude oils around the world and were thoroughly characterized by elemental analysis (EA), vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. A high-pressure thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer was employed to obtain thermograms at 0.084, 3.0, and 6.0 MPa, and gaseous products were obtained by asphaltene decomposition. Kinetic analyses were performed for thermo-oxidative multistep reactions and compared based on the trends of pre-exponential factor and effective activation energies using an approximation of the Ozawa, Flynn, and Wall (OFW) isoconversional method. The n-C7 asphaltene decomposition profile was determined by four thermal events, namely, oxygen chemisorption (OC), desorption/decomposition of chemisorbed oxygen functional groups (DCO), and first and second combustion (FC and SC, respectively). We found that the amount of chemisorbed oxygen depends not so much on the oxygen percentage present in the n-C7 asphaltenes and aggregates but on whether it is found in a greater proportion as COO groups, independent of the used pressure. In addition, as the aromatization degree increases and the alkylation degree decreases, the amount of oxygen atoms chemisorbed also increases. As for the DCO region, it was corroborated that the increase in pressure from 0.084 to 6.0 MPa has a positive influence on the mass loss in this region for all samples used. The n-C7 asphaltenes with a higher chemisorption in the previous region showed a higher decomposition or loss of oxygenated compounds during DCO because there are more oxygenated groups in the basal plane of aromatic structures; therefore, the kinetics of the carbonaceous material consumption is increased. According to XPS analysis, n-C7 asphaltenes with a higher content of sulfur as thioethers show facilitated decomposition, due to the low energy required for their oxidation and subsequent cracking, throughout the range of evaluated pressures. Further, the higher content of hydrogen on α carbons to aromatic rings suggests that some of their small alkyl side chains are cracked in this zone due to the easy decomposition of α-methyl, α-methylene, and α-methine structures. As for the FC region, up to 3.0 MPa, a greater mass loss occurs in n-C7 asphaltenes with a high content of short aliphatic chains. Nevertheless, at 6.0 MPa, the mass loss percentage decreases in similar measures for all samples, indicating that under these conditions there is greater ease of breaking the functional groups located both in the basal plane of the aromatic rings and on the periphery of the molecule. Finally, during high-temperature oxidation reactions (SC), the higher a...

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“…However, when the oxidation of different n-heptane insoluble asphaltenes was compared, the highest oxygen incorporation in the initial oxidation period happened to correspond to the samples with the highest aromatic carbon content. 38 This suggested that aromatic oxidation to produce quinonoids (Figure 8) and the subsequent thermal decomposition of the quinonoids 39 were more important than aliphatic oxidation of aliphatic carbon. If this is indeed the case, then it is unfortunate, because oxidation of aromatic carbon is a less efficient reaction pathway for facilitating addition reactions and is, in fact, a pathway that can lead to ring opening of the aromatics.…”

Catalytic Conversion of n-C7 Asphaltenes and Resins II into Hydrogen Using CeO2-Based Nanocatalysts

“…Decomposing structures by R–R bonds is less complicated than breaking R-A structures [ 56 ]. Additionally, a higher asphaltene content, the presence of thiophenes and pyrroles prevails; therefore, more time is required for their cracking [ 49 ]. In addition, the first cracked products can polymerize and form coke.…”

“…X-ray photoelectron spectrometry analysis was obtained in a PHOIBOS 150 1D-DLD analyzer (SPECS, Berlin, Germany). The procedures are described elsewhere [ 49 ]. Based on these results, average representative molecules for both fractions were constructed and optimized by density functional theory applying Becke’s three-parameter and Lee-Yang-Parr functions.…”

“…The equipment was adjusted at an ion trap linear scan rate of 0.03 m/z between 0 and 200 m/z and an electron impact mode of 100 eV to obtain detailed information of the sample’s gasification. The gases were analyzed following the protocols described elsewhere [ 24 , 49 , 54 , 55 ]. The evolved gases during steam catalytic gasification were evaluated at three different temperatures (210 °C, 220 °C, and 230 °C).…”

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