Thermochemical behavior and characterization of palm kernel shell via TGA/DTG technique

Hussain, Maham; Tufa, Lemma Dendena; Yusup, Suzana; Zabiri, Haslinda

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.067

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…TGA curve of the PKSAnp indicate that the PKSAnp show less percentage of decomposition than ESAnp. At temperature above 1000°C, the residual weight stabilized agrees with the silica and CaO content in PKSAnp this is in par with the earlier reported in literature (Akash et al, 2017;Hussain et al, 2019). From the thermal analysis results it was clear that the PKSAnp still retailed above 50% of its weight at temperature around 1000°C (Figure 2).…”

Section: Dta/tga Thermal Analysis Of the Pksanp And Esanpsupporting

confidence: 88%

Evaluation of the Thermal properties of Epoxy-Agro waste (Egg shell and Palm kernel shell) Nanoparticle coating for Mild Steel

Oisakede

2021

Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science

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Epoxy has been widely used as a coating material to protect the steel reinforcement in concrete structures, because of its outstanding processability, excellent chemical resistance, good electrical insulating properties, and strong adhesion/affinity. The major disadvantage raised from exothermic curing reaction of highly crosslinked epoxy matrix is brittleness and microcracks that change the epoxy coating performances. The barrier performance of epoxy coatings can be enhanced by the incorporation of inorganic filler particles at nanometer scale which can be dispersed within the epoxy resin matrix to form an epoxy nanocomposite. The parametric addition of eggshell ash nanoparticles (ESAnp) and palm kernel shell ash nanoparticle (PKSAnp) in epoxy for the coating of mild steel was studied. Thermal decomposition was observed in terms of global mass loss by using a TGA Q50 thermogravimetric analyzer. Improvement of 78.05% and 82.56% thermal properties were obtained for the epoxy-4wt%ESAnp and epoxy-5wt%PKSAnp at 1000°C. This work showed that epoxy-4wt%ESAnp and epoxy-5wt%PKSAnp have best properties for thermal applications.

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Section: Dta/tga Thermal Analysis Of the Pksanp And Esanpsupporting

confidence: 88%

Evaluation of the Thermal properties of Epoxy-Agro waste (Egg shell and Palm kernel shell) Nanoparticle coating for Mild Steel

Oisakede

2021

Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science

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“…Since the pyrolysis temperature of the PKSBc is at 500 °C, functional groups such as hydroxyl, which is initially and weakly linked on the main chain of the main components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in the raw PKS, would steadily reduce under thermal cracking. Pyrolysis of the raw PKS promotes the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups such as alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids [ 18 ]. The appearance of aromatic C=C stretching (1490 cm −1 –1700 cm −1 ) displayed an increment in the degree of condensation and aromatization of the palm kernel shell biochar organic compound.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

et al. 2023

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With the rapid development of the palm oil-related industry, this has resulted in the high production of palm oil waste. The increasing amount of palm oil waste has become an alarming issue in which researchers have carried out studies that this palm oil waste has the potential to be used as a biomass source. Carbon black (CB) is the most preferred reinforcing filler in the rubber industry but it has a disadvantage where CB is carcinogenic and a petroleum-based product. Hence CB is less sustainable. Palm kernel shell (PKS) derived from palm oil waste can be turned into palm kernel shell biochar (PKSBc) which can potentially be a value-added, sustainable biofiller as reinforcement in rubber composites. In this study, PKSBc is hybridized with CB (N660) at different loading ratios to be filled in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). This study aims to elucidate the effect of the varying ratios of hybrid CB/PKSBc on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and hardness of XNBR composites. In this study, both CB and PKSBc are incorporated into XNBR and were then cured with sulphur. The composites were prepared by using a two-roll mill. Different compositions of hybrid CB/PKSBc were incorporated. The rheological properties and physicomechanical properties, such as abrasion resistance and hardness of the vulcanizates, were investigated. Based on the results, as the loading ratio of PKSBc in hybrid CB/PKSBc increases, the cure time decreases, and the cure rate index increases. The abrasion resistance and hardness values of vulcanizates were maintained by the high loading of PKSBc which was due to the porous structure of PKSBc as shown in the morphological analysis of PKSBc. The pores of PKSBc provided mechanical interlocking to reduce volume loss and maintain the hardness of vulcanizates when subjected to force. With this, PKSBc is proven to be a semi-reinforcing filler that could not only act as a co-filler to existing commercialized CB, but PKSBc could also fully substitute CB as reinforcement in rubber, specifically XNBR as it is able to provide high abrasion resistance and hardness to the rubber composites. This would mean the performance of PKSBc is comparable with CB (N660) when it comes to maintaining the physicomechanical properties of XNBR composites in terms of abrasion resistance and hardness. Therefore, this approach of using eco-friendly filler derived from palm oil agricultural waste (PKSBc) can reduce the abundance of palm oil waste, be a sustainable alternative to act as a co-filler in hybrid CB/PKSBc to decrease the usage of CB, and helps to enhance the quality of existing rubber-based products.

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“…The samples showed similar initial mass losses of 3%–7%, attributed to the thermal desorption of physically adsorbed H 2 O and CO 2 , together with the removal of easily oxidized carbonaceous species. [ 36 ] In the second region (373–673 K), small mass losses of 1%–3% were due to the oxidation of amorphous carbon and volatilization of carbonyl and carboxyl groups. [ 37 ] The third region (673–1023 K) was related to the thermal degradation of more complex and stable carbon structures, with mass losses of around 20%–30%.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green synthesis of templated porous carbons

et al. 2022

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Porous carbon materials such as activated carbons are widely used industrially for the purposes of purification, decolourization, deodorization, and gas storage, among others. Routes for the synthesis of these materials employing templates have increasingly attracted attention due to the ease of manipulating the characteristics of the final product. In the present work, a simple synthesis method was applied for the production of highly porous carbon materials using commercial sugar as the carbon source, Aerosil silica as a template, and deionized water. The synthesis procedure was as follows: (I) Gel formation; (II) carbonization of the gels; (III) removal of the silica template; (IV) activation. The materials were characterized by N2 and CO2 physisorption, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The aging time had an important influence on the specific area and porosity of the material, with physisorption analysis revealing a high specific area and pore volume. The activation procedures further contributed to significantly increasing the specific area (up to 1158 m2 g−1) and pore volume (up to 1.65 cm3 g−1). The X‐ray diffractograms and Raman spectra identified the formation of semi‐crystalline structures in the material, with the presence of a random distribution of graphite and graphene oxide, in addition to amorphous carbon. FTIR analysis showed the presence of bands corresponding to aromatic groups. The results demonstrated that it was possible to obtain materials with excellent potential for use in different industrial sectors using simple raw materials and a technique that is easy to reproduce.

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Thermochemical behavior and characterization of palm kernel shell via TGA/DTG technique

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

Evaluation of the Thermal properties of Epoxy-Agro waste (Egg shell and Palm kernel shell) Nanoparticle coating for Mild Steel

Evaluation of the Thermal properties of Epoxy-Agro waste (Egg shell and Palm kernel shell) Nanoparticle coating for Mild Steel

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

Green synthesis of templated porous carbons

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