Thermochemical characterization of biochar from cocoa pod husk prepared at low pyrolysis temperature

Tsai, Chia-Ming; Tsai, Wen‐Tien; Liu, Sii-Chew; Lin, Yu-Quan

doi:10.1007/s13399-017-0259-5

Cited by 53 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The dried and sieved CPH was fed to a vertical carbonization furnace for the pyrolysis experiments. Regarding the relevant elements of CPH, the previous study showed the contents of carbon (C) and potassium (K) with 46.65% and 4.03%, respectively [15]. On the other hand, the thermal degradation behaviors of CPH were previously evaluated by a thermogravimetric analyzer at 5 and 10 • C/min [15], indicating an onset carbonization at above 400 • C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the carbonization conditions that influence the pore properties of biochar, the pyrolysis temperature could be the most important process parameter [24]. According to the results previously studied [15,25], the CPH-based biochar products (denoted as CPH-BC-400, CPH-BC-500, CPH-BC-600, CPH-BC-700 and CPH-BC-800) were produced under a nitrogen flow (500 cm 3 /min) atmosphere at the following carbonization conditions: temperatures of 400-800 • C, residence time of 30 min and heating rate of 10 • C/min. Using 10 g for each pyrolysis experiment, the yields of the CPH-based biochar products showed the values ranging from 40.70% at 400 • C to 30.22% at 800 • C. Subsequently, the biochar products (i.e., CPH-BC-400 and CPH-BC-800) were separately mixed with 0.25 M HCl (Merck Co., Darmstadt, Germany) solution (about 100 cm 3 ) on a hot-plate where the solution was heated to about 75 • C for 30 min.…”

Section: Pyrolysis and Post-acid Treatment Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing the Pore Properties and Adsorption Performance of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH)-Derived Biochars via Post-Acid Treatment

et al. 2020

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In this work, the cocoa pod husk (CPH) was converted into biochar products at higher carbonization temperatures (i.e., 400–800 °C). The pore and chemical properties of the resulting biochars and its post-leaching biochars by acid washing, including specific surface area, total pore volume, pore size distribution, true density, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were studied. Based on the pore properties, pyrolysis temperature at around 800 °C seemed to have the most profound impact on the pore development for producing biochar, where its Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area is 101 m2/g. More noticeably, more pores in the CPH-based biochar could be significantly created during the acid-washing, resulting in an increase of BET surface area from 101 to 342 m2/g. According to the data on the EDS and FTIR, the resulting biochars seemed to have oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface. Furthermore, the methylene blue (MB) adsorption performance of the optimal biochar product with maximal BET surface area was tested to fit its kinetics by the pseudo-second order model, showing a strong interaction between the biochar adsorbent and the cationic adsorbate.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pyrolysis and Post-acid Treatment Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Pore Properties and Adsorption Performance of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH)-Derived Biochars via Post-Acid Treatment

et al. 2020

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“…As in the case of all combustion fuels, moisture significantly affects the lower calorific value and plays an important role in the combustion process. Combustion of fuels having a high moisture content increases the volume of exhaust gases and, consequently lowers the combustion temperature [35]. Additionally, increased losses related to partial and incomplete combustions can be observed, as the temperature in the combustion chamber will not be sufficient to combust all flammable substances in flue gases [36].…”

Section: Moisture Content In Feedstocks and Biocharsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Mierzwa–Hersztek

Gondek

Jewiarz

et al. 2019

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

103

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The aim of this study was to determine selected energy parameters, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of biomass ash for different types of plant biomass (wheat straw, miscanthus straw, bark and sawdust) and poultry manure, as well as biochars produced from them. Based on data from proximate and ultimate analysis of the investigated materials, fuel value index (FVI) was calculated to determine their suitability for energy production. The ashes were analyzed for both chemical composition and leaching behavior. The phytotoxicity test of aqueous ash extracts was performed for Lepidium sativum L. It was found that the calorific value of biochars was higher on average by 36% than the value determined for feedstocks used in the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis of organic materials resulted in the reduction of the volatile matter content. The gross calorific value was determined in biochars formed from miscanthus straw and sawdust which were 26.6 and 23.4 MJ kg −1 , respectively. Leachability of heavy metals of biomass ash was highly diverse and depended on the analyzed element and the material type. The phytotoxicity analysis showed that, in general, each of the ash extracts tested had a positive effect on the growth of Lepidium sativum L. compared to the control. The use of ash, fertilizer, or sorbents can be an interesting alternative for materials with high ash content. In all these cases, biochars seem to be very attractive materials that can be used not only in energy production. Given the high carbon content of biochar obtained in the pyrolysis process, it has a high-energy potential and can be used as a biofuel.

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“…Several studies have been conducted dealing with the conversion of CPHs into useful products, such as pyrolysis oil [9], biochar [10], potash [11], and animals feeds [12]. Only a few studies have quantified and examined CPHs as a potential feedstock for energy generation with respect to the quantity of cocoa beans produced in a particular geographical location.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification and characterization of cocoa pod husks for electricity generation in Uganda

et al. 2019

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Background: Due to limited coverage, the electricity power supply in Uganda is an obstacle to the country's economic development. Utility firms in Uganda either lack the financial capacity to expand their grids to isolated rural areas or choose not to do so due to the low return on investment. Therefore, connecting households to minigrids represents an effective solution to providing power to remote/rural areas. This study evaluates the resource and technology of generating electrical energy from cocoa pod husks (CPHs), an agricultural residue/waste, generated in Uganda. The use of agricultural waste for energy generation is the most suitable option for the rural population in Uganda because of the availability of a raw material (biomass) for its production, which is pollutionfree (renewable and clean) and does not have competition for use. The inability to convert these solid wastes into useful products culminates into environmental related challenges, such as landfilling, climate change, pests, and diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study is to quantify the amount of generated CPHs and evaluate its potential for electricity generation in Uganda. Subsequently, we have been looking into the potential of CPHs as a feedstock for a thermochemical conversion process and the feasibility of a direct combustion technology. Results: The amount of CPHs generated in Uganda has been estimated. The physiochemical analysis has shown that the proportion of CPHs in the fresh pods is about 74%, which is nearly the same as in other studies. The dry matter content of CPHs has been found to be on an average of 19%, whereas ash content, moisture content, and the gross caloric value have been recorded to be 12.3%, 12.58%, and 17.5%, respectively. It seems therefore likely that 41.7 GJ of energy might be produced each year from CPHs in Uganda. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the CPHs are an important energy source. As there is an increasing trend in cocoa and CPH production in Uganda per year, the electricity production based on CPHs is sustainable and can be upgraded. The use of CPHs for energy conversion is therefore feasible, cost-efficient, and a solution to some environmental challenges.

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Thermochemical characterization of biochar from cocoa pod husk prepared at low pyrolysis temperature

Cited by 53 publications

References 24 publications

Enhancing the Pore Properties and Adsorption Performance of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH)-Derived Biochars via Post-Acid Treatment

Enhancing the Pore Properties and Adsorption Performance of Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH)-Derived Biochars via Post-Acid Treatment

Assessment of energy parameters of biomass and biochars, leachability of heavy metals and phytotoxicity of their ashes

Quantification and characterization of cocoa pod husks for electricity generation in Uganda

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