Thermodynamic analysis of ethanol synthesis from hydration of ethylene coupled with a sequential reaction

Recent Advances in the Technologies and Catalytic Processes of Ethanol Production

“…The vapor-phase hydration of ethene has recorded a 93% selectivity for the tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) monolayer loaded with titania. The co-presence of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites on the monolayer of WO 3 generated high selectivity for ethanol but the reaction process has issues from the environmental protection perspective [46]. The combination of vapor-liquid equilibria and the chemical stage equilibrium for the ethylene-water-ethanol ternary arrangement demonstrates that the crucial point of an azeotrope at 200 • C and 155 atm shows the active catalysis of H-pentasil zeolite for the maximum hydration of ethylene [47].…”

“…The chemical equilibrium conversion of the hydration of ethylene decreases when using high temperatures to increase the rate of reaction. As a result, the temperature setting of the reactor is needed to accommodate between thermodynamics and kinetics [46]. A high amount of energy to heat gases generates high pressure and uses crude oil, a nonrenewable resource.…”

Selective C2+ alcohol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation via a reaction-coupling strategy

“…5–7 Traditionally, ethanol and isobutanol are produced through the fermentation of sugarcane or starch feedstocks, and long-chain alcohols are synthesized via the hydration of petroleum-derived alkenes, which aggravates the burden on food and nonrenewable resources. 8–10 Therefore, sustainable methods to produce HAs using renewable energy and resources are of great significance.…”

Enhancement of Cu+ stability under a reducing atmosphere by the long-range electromagnetic effect of Au

“…In particular, the reaction product, 1,4-butynediol (BD), is used as an important chemical raw material to produce 3-butene-1,4-diol or 1,4-butanediol, which can be extended downstream to produce some high value-added chemical products and new polyester materials. [21][22][23][24] For catalysts used in the ethynylation of formaldehyde, existing research studies have been focused on constructing solid-solution structures such as copper phyllosilicate, 25,26 forming strong interactions between Cu and inert oxide carriers (Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 ), 19,20 introducing oxidizing additives (Bi 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 ), [27][28][29] and anion doping 30 to control the chemical environment of Cu + and maintain its stability under the reducing atmosphere. While maintaining the stability of Cu + , the second component of these catalysts changes the acidity and alkalinity of the catalyst surface; this may induce unwanted side reactions.…”