Thermodynamic analysis of the para-to-ortho hydrogen conversion in cryo-compressed hydrogen vessels for automotive applications

Chen, Liang; Xiao, Runfeng; Cheng, Cheng; Tian, Gui; Chen, Shuangtao; Hou, Yu

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.252

Cited by 26 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In this context, I is defined as the nuclear spin quantum number, with two associated magnetic quantum numbers: α = prefix+ 1 2 and β = prefix− 1 2 . The calculated I values for para and ortho-H 2 are I = ( 1 2 − 1 2 ) = 0 and I = ( 1 2 + 1 2 ) = 1 , respectively. − Consequently, H 2 in para and ortho molecular forms possesses one and three states, respectively. At ambient temperature, the quantity of ortho states is three times that of para states, indicating that H 2 comprises 75% ortho and 25% para-H 2 . , In its natural state, the gradual cooling process of normal H 2 transformation of ortho- to para-H 2 , or the transition from the triplet state to the singlet state, occurs slowly over an extended period.…”

Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoeconomic Analysis of an Innovative Integrated System for Cogeneration of Liquid Hydrogen and Biomethane by a Cryogenic-Based Biogas Upgrading Cycle and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis

Ghorbani,

Zendehboudi,

Saady

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Hydrogen (H2) as an ecofriendly alternative to fossil fuels faces challenges in storing large capacities for extended transportation due to its low volumetric energy density. Also, common large-scale storage techniques for H2 are associated with high energy consumption, which is potentially at odds with the environmental benefits. The multiproduct H2 storage systems are associated with enhancing efficiency and environmental sustainability, leading to significant cost savings and minimizing waste production. In this paper, an integrated system that cogenerates liquids H2 and biomethane is designed using low-temperature cascade refrigeration processes, cryogenic-based biogas purification cycle, proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis, and organic Rankine plant. A two-stage mixed refrigerant refrigeration process is employed for purifying untreated biogas, liquefying biomethane, and precooling H2 generated by a PEM electrolyzer. Four H2 Joule-Brayton refrigeration systems are used to liquefy H2 in the hybrid system. This hybrid configuration purifies 2917 kg/h unrefined biogas and uses 27.71 MW power to produce 416.6 kg/h liquid H2 and 674 kg/h liquid biomethane. The energy and exergy efficiencies for the designed integrated process are calculated at 54.65% and 56.67%, respectively. The system exergy analysis reveals that the electrolyzer (77.94%), heat exchangers (10.61%), and compressors (5.69%) are the principal equipment in exergy destruction. Pinch analysis is employed to design heat exchanger networks and reduce energy consumption effectively. According to the economic analysis, the investment return period and the prime cost of H2 are 5.589 years and 3.539 USD/kgLH2, respectively. The parametric sensitivity analysis demonstrates that lowering the electricity cost from 0.1 to 0.03 USD/kWh leads to a decrease in the prime cost of liquid H2 and the investment return period to 2.205 USD/kgLH2 and 4.251 years, respectively. Moreover, increasing the outlet pressure of the turbo-expander in the cryogenic refrigeration cycle from 100 to 220 kPa results in an increase in exergy efficiency and net annual benefit to 56.67% and 13.89 MMUSD/year, respectively, and a reduction in the prime cost of liquid H2 to 3.536 USD/kgLH2.

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Section: Process Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoeconomic Analysis of an Innovative Integrated System for Cogeneration of Liquid Hydrogen and Biomethane by a Cryogenic-Based Biogas Upgrading Cycle and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis

Ghorbani,

Zendehboudi,

Saady

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…If the two electrons’ rotations are antiparallel, they drive the molecule into a bonded state. Therefore, there are two groups of H 2 molecules based on antiparallel ( I = 0) and parallel ( I = 1) nuclear spins. ,, The number of states for the H 2 molecule is determined from the relationship of the nucleus spin states (2 I + 1), in which I is the quantum number of the nucleus spin and is equal to 1/2. Given that the numbers are α = prefix+ 1 2 and β = prefix− 1 2 , the nuclear spin quantum number is equal to italicI = ( 1 2 + 1 2 ) = 1 for ortho-H 2 , and the molecular form has three states.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Characteristics Of Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review

et al. 2023

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The main challenges of liquid hydrogen (H2) storage as one of the most promising techniques for large-scale transport and long-term storage include its high specific energy consumption (SEC), low exergy efficiency, high total expenses, and boil-off gas losses. This article reviews different approaches to improving H2 liquefaction methods, including the implementation of absorption cooling cycles (ACCs), ejector cooling units, liquid nitrogen/liquid natural gas (LNG)/liquid air cold energy recovery, cascade liquefaction processes, mixed refrigerant systems, integration with other structures, optimization algorithms, combined with renewable energy sources, and the pinch strategy. This review discusses the economic, safety, and environmental aspects of various improvement techniques for H2 liquefaction systems in more detail. Standards and codes for H2 liquefaction technologies are presented, and the current status and future potentials of H2 liquefaction processes are investigated. The cost-efficient H2 liquefaction systems are those with higher production rates (>100 tonne/day), higher efficiency (>40%), lower SEC (<6 kWh/kgLH2), and lower investment costs (1–2 $/kgLH2). Increasing the stages in the conversion of ortho- to para-H2 lowers the SEC and increases the investment costs. Moreover, using low-temperature waste heat from various industries and renewable energy in the ACC for precooling is significantly more efficient than electricity generation in power generation cycles to be utilized in H2 liquefaction cycles. In addition, the substitution of LNG cold recovery for the precooling cycle is associated with the lower SEC and cost compared to its combination with the precooling cycle.

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“…Meanwhile, it enables the loss-free dormancy exceeding over 7 days with an initial 85% load. According to these attractive performances, many researchers participate in promoting the development of CcH 2 technology [66][67][68]. Optimisation designs for onboard CcH 2 storage systems are made to enlarge its energy utilisation efficiency.…”

Section: Cryo-compressed Hydrogen Storagementioning

confidence: 99%

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Railway Engineering: A Review

Zhao

Hillmansen

et al. 2022

Energies

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According to the specific requirements of railway engineering, a techno-economic comparison for onboard hydrogen storage technologies is conducted to discuss their feasibility and potentials for hydrogen-powered hybrid trains. Physical storage methods, including compressed hydrogen (CH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2), and cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH2), and material-based (chemical) storage methods, such as ammonia, liquid organic hydrogen carriages (LOHCs), and metal hydrides, are carefully discussed in terms of their operational conditions, energy capacity, and economic costs. CH2 technology is the most mature now but its storage density cannot reach the final target, which is the same problem for intermetallic compounds. In contrast, LH2, CcH2, and complex hydrides are attractive for their high storage density. Nevertheless, the harsh working conditions of complex hydrides hinder their vehicular application. Ammonia has advantages in energy capacity, utilisation efficiency and cost, especially being directly utilised by fuel cells. LOHCs are now considered as a potential candidate for hydrogen transport. Simplifying the dehydrogenation process is the important prerequisite for its vehicular employment. Recently, increasing novel hydrogen-powered trains based on different hydrogen storage routes are being tested and optimised across the world. It can be forecasted that hydrogen energy will be a significant booster to railway decarbonisation.

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Thermodynamic analysis of the para-to-ortho hydrogen conversion in cryo-compressed hydrogen vessels for automotive applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 21 publications

Thermoeconomic Analysis of an Innovative Integrated System for Cogeneration of Liquid Hydrogen and Biomethane by a Cryogenic-Based Biogas Upgrading Cycle and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis

Thermoeconomic Analysis of an Innovative Integrated System for Cogeneration of Liquid Hydrogen and Biomethane by a Cryogenic-Based Biogas Upgrading Cycle and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis

Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review

Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Railway Engineering: A Review

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