“…All of the calculations were conducted by the Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP), which is based on DFT with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) functional set using a generalized-gradient approximation. , The PBE-D3 functional set was used based on the projector augmented wave approach with Kohn–Sham DFT energy corrected to include van der Waals interactions in all calculations. The PBE-D3 predictions predicted the electronic properties of numerous materials structures as reported by diverse studies of silicon structures, , TiN structures, ,, amorphous carbon structures, − and Al 2 O 3 structures. , The plane wave cut-off was set to 400 eV with a 3 × 3 × 1 k-mesh in all supercells. During the AIMD simulations, only Γ-point Brillouin zone integration, which is a relatively low-precision option, was used for computational efficiency.…”