“…[9,10] Energy storage technologies are an emerging method of great importance for electricity cost reduction by leveraging the time-of-use electricity price.Many electrical energy storage technologies have been developed, including superconducting magnetic energy storage, [11] supercapacitor energy storage, [12] pumped-hydro energy storage, [13] electrochemical energy storage, [14,15] liquefied air energy storage, [16,17] and compressed air energy storage (CAES). [18][19][20] In addition, these energy storage methods can be combined into an innovative energy storage method, such as the combination of liquefied air energy storage and electrochemical energy storage. [21] Among them, pumped-hydro energy storage and CAES have the ideal characteristics for commercial energy storage applications, namely, large capacity, low cost, long service life, reliable safety, and high efficiency.…”