Thermodynamic Properties of Geothermal Fluids from South Russia: Kayakent and Kizlyar Hot Sources

Measurements and Reference Correlation of the Density and Speed of Sound and Derived Thermodynamic Properties of Methyl Laurate and Methyl Stearate

“…The method (experimental details, the physical basis and theory of the method, the procedure of measurements, uncertainty assessment, etc .) and apparatus have been described in our several previous publications. − Only a brief review and essential information will be given here. The two-in-one instrument is equipped with a density and a sound velocity cell, thus combining the proven Anton Paar oscillating U-tube method with a highly accurate measurement of sound velocity.…”

“…In the present study, the calibration was performed using a few reference fluids such as air, double distilled, deionized and degassed water, benzene, and toluene with well-known PVT properties (Lemmon et al). The reference data obtained from Lemmon et al (REFPROP) were used to determine the temperature dependence of the calibration parameters in the working equation of the method. − Further information about the details of the experimental technique for the density and speed of sound measurements has been provided in our previous publications. − This instrument (sound-speed analyzer DSA 5000 M) has been successfully used previously in our earlier publications − ,− to accurately measure the density and speed of sound of various molecular liquids and liquid mixtures and natural geothermal and mineral waters. The density and speed of sound measuring ranges for the DMA 5000 M instrument are from 0 to 3000 kg·m –3 and from 1000 to 2000 m·s –1 , respectively, in the temperature ranging from 278.15 to 353.15 K. The uncertainties of the density and speed of sound measurements are 0.01% (or 0.005 kg·m –3 ) and 0.10% (or 0.1 m·s –1 ), with repeatability of 0.001 kg·m –3 and 0.05 m·s –1 , respectively.…”

“…The measurements were performed using an Anton Paar DSA 5000 M sound-speed analyzer (viscodensimeter) for the simultaneous measurements of the density and speed of sound temperature ranging from 283.15 to 353.15 K and atmospheric pressure. This technique was successfully used previously − to accurately measure the thermodynamic, acoustic, and transport properties of different types of natural and molecular liquids (geothermal fluids and mineral waters, aqueous salt solutions, ionic liquids, etc .). Besides, the key-derived thermodynamic properties for practical applications based on the measured data were calculated.…”

Experimental Study of Thermodynamic Properties of Biofuel Components

“…Th e m e as u re m e nt s we r e p e rf or m e d us i n g an Anton Paar DSA 5000 М sound-speed analyzer (viscodensemeter) for the simultaneously measurements of the density and speed of sound temperature range from (283.15 to 353.15) K and atmospheric pressure. This technique was successfully used previously [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] to accurate measure thermodynamic, acoustic, and transport properties of different type of natural and molecular liquids. Besides, the key derived thermodynamic properties for practical applications based on the measured data were calculated.…”

Thermal Conductivity of Ternary Aqueous H2O + Li2SO4 + Zn(NO3)2 Solutions at High Temperatures and Pressures

“…Li 2 SO 4 and Zn­(NO 3 ) 2 are one of the main components of geothermal fluids (see, for example, refs –). The major mineral components (dominant ions) in geothermal fluids − are Na + , K + , Ca + , Mg + , Li + , Zn + , S + , Si + , B + , Se + , Sr + , Mn + , SO 4 –2 , Cl –1 , NO 3 –1 , etc. For example, the dissolved cations (SO 4 –2 and NO 3 –1 ) and anions (Li + ) were found in significant quantities (37–59% and 26–43%, respectively) in geothermal brines. − Due to the complexity of the multiparticle interactions between the solvent (water) and solutes (salt ions), there are no theoretical (microscopic) models for the temperature, pressure, and concentration dependences of the thermal conductivity of multicomponent geothermal brines.…”