Thermodynamic Properties of Metal‐Water Systems at Elevated Temperatures

Taylor, D. F.

doi:10.1149/1.2131553

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…[2] so that it satisfies the restriction [13], the following Lagrange function is formed [22] = (~1,'" ", ~q) = \Cln----~ .... [2] so that it satisfies the restriction [13], the following Lagrange function is formed [22] = (~1,'" ", ~q) = \Cln----~ ....…”

Section: Solution By the Lagrange Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Analysis of Electrochemical Cells Based on a Balance Matrix Theory

Lampinen¹,

Vuorisalo²

1992

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The aim of our research has been to investigate the equilibrium state of electrochemical systems: half cells, fuel cells, and secondary and primary batteries. The analysis presented here is based on the use of a balance matrix theory. The same type of idea has already been used in computer programs for chemical systems, but here it is extended to electrochemical systems. A discharge equation is introduced, with the aid of which the electrochemical cells can be studied at various degrees of discharge. A simple model for electrostatic energy is presented, which enables us also to calculate the charges of the electrodes in the equilibrium state 9 The advantage of the approach presented here and the motivation for the analysis is that it is easily applicable to computational purposes, even to complicated systems with many phases and also with irreversible constraints. A brief summary of a computer program based on this theory is presented, and the use of the program is illustrated by some examples 9

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Section: Solution By the Lagrange Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[21] is ~i=-~'ai=-(klali+...+)~a~) i= 1,...,q [24] where a~ is the ith column vector of matrix A. [13]. [24], which must be solved together with the constraint Eq.…”

Section: Solution By the Lagrange Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Analysis of Electrochemical Cells Based on a Balance Matrix Theory

Lampinen¹,

Vuorisalo²

1992

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The total electrochemical reaction is given by / 0 µ µ µ µ (5) in which µ s is the chemical potential of species s . Based on published thermodynamic data (see [4,5] …”

Section: In-pile Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-core fuel performance and material characterization in the Halden reactor

Nieuwenhove

Solstad

2009

2009 1st International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation, Measurement Methods and Their Applications

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Reliable in-core instrumentation has been developed for measuring all key parameters for fuel studies such as fission gas release, fuel temperature, fuel swelling, cladding creep, etc. For material corrosion studies, new electrochemical sensors have been developed, allowing performing in-pile electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A prototype in-core eddy current based probe has been developed for measuring the oxide thickness on fuel cladding.

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“…Transference numbers t i .-The transference number of each ionic species can be calculated from the following relation 18,24 …”

Section: Thermal Liquid Junction Potential At Steady Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Thermal Liquid Junction Potential of Water-Filled External Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes

Bahn

Hwang

2003

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Pressure-balanced external Ag/AgCl reference electrodes have been extensively used for corrosion monitoring in both pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor environments. In order to prolong the electrode lifetime, pure water is often employed as the electrode filling solution. Characterization of the potential of the water-filled external Ag/AgCl reference electrode was performed by estimating a thermal liquid junction potential ͑TLJP͒ originating from the thermal diffusion of ionic species in the filling solution. The potential of the thermoelectrochemical cell, Ag/AgCl vs. that of the standard hydrogen electrode at temperature T, was expressed as the sum of the isothermal potentials and TLJP. The TLJP was analyzed for the Soret steady state based on irreversible thermodynamics by calculating the heat of transport after Agar et al's theory and estimating the limiting ionic conductance from Quist et al's work. Calculated potential of the water-filled external reference electrode was compared with experimental data, showing a qualitative agreement.Corrosion of structural materials in high temperature has continued to impact the reliability and economy of electric power generating systems including pressurized water and boiling water reactors, PWRs and BWRs, respectively. Due to extensive past research, it is now possible to predict the corrosion behavior of structural metals as a function of electrochemical corrosion potential ͑ECP͒ and pH. 1 For condition monitoring and life management of the hightemperature components such as steam generators of the PWR, reliable reference electrodes are required.The role of the reference electrode is to measure the potential of the object electrode with stability and traceability to a known standard. The Ag/AgCl reference electrode is a well-defined, widely used, and very reliable electrode for high-temperature applications, 2-10 but in a reducing environment at high temperature, especially when the AgCl surface is not well protected, the decomposition rate of AgCl is very high. 8 To solve this problem, the external reference electrode of which the AgCl part was maintained at ambient temperature was developed. Pressure-balanced external Ag/ AgCl electrodes have been extensively used for both PWR and BWR environments. 8,9 The use of a KCl-based buffer solution often becomes the source of electrode potential drift due to the slow leakage of chloride ions through its porous plug, typically made of zirconia. In order to overcome this problem, pure water is often employed as the electrode-filling solution to prolong electrode lifetime. In this case the concentration of the chloride ions in the filling solution is maintained at the solubility of AgCl in pure water.But there may be some disadvantages in using pure water as the electrode filling solution, such as very high impedance, which may contribute to a noise susceptibility ͑if the electrode were to be used as a potentiostatic circuit for potential control͒ and extreme vulnerability to the purity of the materials used...

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Thermodynamic Properties of Metal‐Water Systems at Elevated Temperatures

Cited by 25 publications

References 11 publications

Thermodynamic Analysis of Electrochemical Cells Based on a Balance Matrix Theory

Thermodynamic Analysis of Electrochemical Cells Based on a Balance Matrix Theory

In-core fuel performance and material characterization in the Halden reactor

Evaluation of Thermal Liquid Junction Potential of Water-Filled External Ag/AgCl Reference Electrodes

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