Thermodynamic properties of the liquid Bi-Cu-Sn lead-free solder alloys

Abstract

The electromotive force measurement method was employed to determine the thermodynamic properties of liquid Bi-Cu-Sn alloys using solid electrolyte galvanic cells as shown below: Kanthal+Re, Bi-Cu-Sn, SnO2 | Yttria Stabilized Zirconia | air, Pt, Po2=0.2:1 atm Measurements were carried out for three cross-sections with constant Bi/Cu ratio equal to: 1/3, 1 and 3 and for various tin content varying every 10%, resulting in a total of 26 different alloy compositions. The temperature of the measurements varied within the range from 973 to 1325 K. A linear dependence of the e.m.f. on temperature was observed for all alloy compositions and the appropriate line equations were derived. Tin activities were calculated as function of composition and temperature. Results were presented in tables and figures

Thermodynamic properties of liquid Au–Cu–Sn alloys determined from electromotive force measurements

“… [9] and the results at 900 K in our work, activities decrease obviously as increase of temperature especially at the Sn-rich side for Au:Cu 1:1 and 1:3 cross-sections. Similar behavior was observed in the Bi–Cu–Sn system investigated by Kopyto et al [20] , who used the same technique with Ref. [9] to determine the tin activities in the liquid Bi–Cu–Sn alloys and found the values decrease markedly when the temperature changes to 1273 K from 1073 K (as shown in Fig.…”

Thermodynamic modeling of the Sc-Zn system coupled with first-principles calculation

“…According to the present calculation, the computed eutectic reaction: liquid = ScZn+αSc is located at 950 o C and 77.45 at.% Sc. Knowledge of phase diagram and thermodynamic properties [27,28] is of fundamental importance in many applications. High-throughput discovery of new materials strongly depends on the establishment of an accurate thermodynamic database in a multicomponent system.…”

Calorimetric study on Bi-Cu-Sn alloys

“…Tin activities were measured by the electromotive force measurements (e.m.f. )method by Kopyto et al [10] for three crosssections with constant x Bi /x Cu ratio equal to 1/3, 1/1 and 3/1 and for various tin contents. Bismuth activities in liquid Cu-Sn-Bi alloys were measured by Wnuk and Romanowska at 1100 ∘ C by means of the vapour saturation method for x Bi <0.15.…”