Thermodynamic Properties of the Working Fluid in Internal-Combustion Engines

Pressure Waves Accompanying Detonation in the Internal Combustion Engine

“…absolute as taken from the Hottel chart. 24 This corresponds to a ratio of specific heats of about 1.24. 19 From Table 1 This indicates that less than 0.01 percent of the available charge energy is involved in the pressure waves accompanying detonation.…”

A Mollier Diagram for the Internal-combustion Engine.

“…Preliminary calculations indicated that the products would contain carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, OH, H, 0, and nitric oxide, the relative importance of the various species depending on the temperature, pressure, and mixture ratio. The method of using data on equilibrium constants to calculate the composition of the products is presented in the reference previously cited (3).…”

“…of oxygen plus nitrogen is 0.0782 lb. Other similar diagrams have been constructed for the lean and the "theoretical" mixture (3).…”

“…Like Es, Hs is a unique function of E at low temperatures and consequently representable by a scale which appears in the lower left margin of the diagram. 3 The illustration of the uses of figure 2 in the solution of various problems of combustion in engines must await a discussion of the corresponding diagram representative of the unburned mixture. The mixture prior to combustion consists in part of products of combustion of the preceding cycle, and in part of a mixture of fresh fuel vapor and air.…”

Flame Temperatures in Engines.

“…The method of analysis which has just been briefly outlined has been used in the study of ideal, or theoretical, cycles (5,2,12,9) and also in analyzing experimental data from actual engine tests (19). However, before making extensive use of the method, it is very desirable to apply some such test as that just mentioned, in order to form an idea of its reliability and precision.…”