Thermodynamic study of the ternary mixed electrolyte (NaCl+NiCl2+H2O) system: Application of Pitzer model with higher-order electrostatic effects

Thermodynamic properties determination of ternary mixture (NaCl+Na2HPO4+water) using potentiometric measurements

“…It is noted that the activity coefficients were calculated in according to equation (1). The degree of the linear correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.9999) in figure 2 indicates that the results obtained are consistent with the literature data.…”

“…The I and m are the total ionic strength on a molality scale and molality of NaCl and Na 2 HPO 4 in mixtures, respectively; b (0) , b (1) and C u symbolize the parameters of Pitzer equation for single salt electrolyte solution, which were taken from literature [12] and are presented in table 2. The h and w indicate the unknown mixing interaction parameters which should be determined.…”

“…This procedure defines the quantity of Dln c ± as the difference between the measured mean activity coefficients for the mixture (ln c exp ) and that calculated (ln c calc ) on the basis of h = w = 0 from equation (1). Then this equation is simplified and rearranged to yield…”

“…Pitzer parameter values b (0) , b (1) and C u for single electrolyte of NaCl and Na 2 HPO 4 . measurements on ternary solutions, the mixing ionic parameters were determined; then, these parameters were used to calculate the thermodynamic properties such as osmotic coefficients, activity coefficients in the mixture, and excess Gibbs free energy for systems under investigation as a function of total ionic strength.…”

“…Recently, thermodynamic study of aqueous multicomponent electrolyte solutions has been a growing interest because of their importance in areas such as chemistry, biology, process engineering, desalination and atmospheric processes [1]. In addition, solutions of sodium or potassium dihydrogen and hydrogen phosphates have been used extensively as standard buffer solutions for pH measurements [2][3][4].…”