Thermodynamical fluctuations and photo-thermal shot noise in gravitational wave antennae

Braginsky, V. B.; Gorodetsky, M. L.; Vyatchanin, S. P.

doi:10.1016/s0375-9601(99)00785-9

Cited by 239 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Our results agree well with the thermoelastic-damping noise predictions of Braginsky, et al [1] and Cerdonio, et al [2], which have been used to predict the astrophysical reach of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors. …”

supporting

confidence: 90%

Thermoelastic-Damping Noise from Sapphire Mirrors in a Fundamental-Noise-Limited Interferometer

2004

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We report the first high-precision interferometer using large sapphire mirrors, and we present the first direct, broadband measurements of the fundamental thermal noise in these mirrors. Our results agree well with the thermoelastic-damping noise predictions of Braginsky, et al. [1] and Cerdonio, et al. [2], which have been used to predict the astrophysical reach of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors.

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supporting

confidence: 90%

Thermoelastic-Damping Noise from Sapphire Mirrors in a Fundamental-Noise-Limited Interferometer

2004

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“…In all position sensors, extraneous thermal fluctuations pose a fundamental limit to the achievable imprecision. In cavity-optomechanical sensors, the main sources of extraneous imprecision arise from thermomechanical [279,280] and thermodynamic fluctuations of the cavity substrate [281][282][283][284]. These result in excess cavity frequency noise,S imp,ex ω , and limit the measurement rate to…”

Section: Measurement At the Thermal Decoherence Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When refractive index fluctuations and volume fluctuations are caused by underlying thermodynamic causes, these two contributions lead to thermorefractive (TRN) [283] and thermoelastic (TEN) [282] frequency noise.…”

Section: Imprecision Due To Cavity Substrate Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Limits on Measurement and Control of a Mechanical Oscillator

Sudhir

2018

Springer Theses

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PAR Vivishek SUDHIR JOSEPH CONRAD, Heart of DarknessExperimental physics demands a certain degree of manual dexterity, the patience to tolerate the mundane, and an inexhaustible supply of optimism. Tobias hired me to work on an immensely sophisticated experiment despite any proof of my possessing these qualities; I am indebted to him for the belief he has placed in me. I would also like to acknowledge his dedication to fostering an environment where the pursuit of science is unencumbered by other worldly concerns. Stefan, Ewold and Samuel bore the brunt of a theorist trying to perform delicate experiments; the stern, yet encouraging, stewardship of this trio ensured that I enjoyed the culture shock. Dal Wilson was more than a colleague and a post-doc; his pragmatic approach to physics provided the ideal counter-point in our attempts to forge a deeper understanding of things ranging from vibration isolation to the subtleties of quantum mechanics. Without the patient efforts of Amir, Ryan and Hendrik in designing, fabricating, and testing of devices, none of the results reported here would have been possible. I hope I have been able to bequeath a better vision of the future of our experiment to Sergey. Conversations with Alexey, Daniel and Nathan have enabled me to vicariously learn how to measure microwave "photons". John Jost once taught me how to decorate a Christmas tree; since then he has imparted some wisdom on frequency metrology, and some on atomic physics. Together with Dal, Victor and Caroline have probably spent the most time with me outside the lab; it was fun to exercise an air of social normalcy with this bunch. Christophe has been an amazing sparring partner on every subject capable of being brought under scientific scrutiny.The personal space required for the pursuit of science comes through the sacrifice of many people. My family back home in India -parents, sister, grand-parents -have had to patiently wait for the brief interludes when I go home. No words can do justice to this and the very many other pleasures they have surrendered over the years for my sake. Before physics attracted me, I was charmed by someone else; I am lucky to have married her. Long time friends, mentorsAjith and Subeesh -have played pivotal roles in my being able to engage in physics; I hope to repay this enormous debt, some day.It was a privilege to have learnt from a few great teachers during my formative years. Their vision of an indelible unity in nature continues to motivate my study of physics. vii AbstractThe precision measurement of position has a long-standing tradition in physics. Cavendish's verification of the universal law of gravitation using a torsion pendulum, Perrin's confirmation of the atomic hypothesis via the precise measurement of the Brownian motion, and, the verification of the mechanical effect of electromagnetic radiation, all belong to this classical heritage. Quantum mechanics posits that the measurement of position results in an uncertain momentum; an idea developed to full maturity within the ...

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“…On the other hand, a combination of the dual-color and dualpolarization approaches in an anisotropic material (e.g., MgF 2 ) can further enhance the temperature sensitivity. Furthermore, our dual-color technique strongly rejects noise from thermal expansion fluctuations and vibrations, giving us the ability to measure the mode-averaged temperature with a resolution below that of the fundamental thermal temperature fluctuations [16,26,27].The frequency of a WG mode depends on temperature through (a) the temperature dependence of the refractive index (thermooptic effect) as well as (b) the thermal expansion of the resonator. The first dependence leads to sensitivity to the temperature solely within the optical mode, whereas in the latter, the mode frequency depends on the temperature distribution throughout the entire resonator volume.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-Kelvin Thermometry and Temperature Control: Beyond the Thermal Noise Limit

et al. 2014

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We demonstrate thermometry with a resolution of 80 nK= ffiffiffiffiffiffi Hz p using an isotropic crystalline whispering-gallery mode resonator based on a dichroic dual-mode technique. We simultaneously excite two modes that have a mode frequency ratio that is very close to two (AE0.3 ppm). The wavelength and temperature dependence of the refractive index means that the frequency difference between these modes is an ultrasensitive proxy of the resonator temperature. This approach to temperature sensing automatically suppresses sensitivity to thermal expansion and vibrationally induced changes of the resonator. We also demonstrate active suppression of temperature fluctuations in the resonator by controlling the intensity of the driving laser. The residual temperature fluctuations are shown to be below the limits set by fundamental thermodynamic fluctuations of the resonator material. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.160801 PACS numbers: 07.20.Dt, 42.60.Da, 42.62.Fi The high-resolution measurement of energy has long fascinated humans with its culmination seen in ultra-highsensitivity calorimeters [1,2] and bolometers [3]. These and related ideas have found a broad range of applications, including bolometric superconducting photon counters for quantum communication [4] and ultrasensitive radio astronomy [5,6]. The record for absolute thermometric sensitivity has been realized at cryogenic temperatures, achieving better than 100 pK= ffiffiffiffiffiffi Hz p [7]. In this Letter, we develop a new method to measure temperature based on excitation of two well-separated modes in a millimeter-scale whispering-gallery (WG) optical resonator. WG mode resonators have exceptionally high Q factors and can provide the potential of providing high-stability microwave and optical signals [8][9][10][11][12]. Recently, they have been applied to high-sensitivity label-free sensors for molecules and viruses [13,14] and for optical comb generation [15]. Nonetheless, an issue that afflicts all of these applications is the high temperature sensitivity of WG resonators [12,16], particularly when compared to conventional vacuum-spaced Fabry-Perot resonators [17][18][19][20][21]. In this Letter, we turn this problem to our advantage by using the WG resonator as an ultrasensitive thermometer.To suppress unwanted temperature fluctuations in WG resonators, several groups have demonstrated in situ thermometry by measuring the frequency difference between two orthogonally polarized modes. The best of these techniques have demonstrated a resolution of ∼100 nK= ffiffiffiffiffiffi Hz p [22], and subsequent temperature stabilization based on this sensing has resulted in improvement to the long-term frequency stability [23,24]. In contrast, we present a two-color approach to measure the resonator temperature with high resolution. In comparison to the birefringent dual-mode technique, our approach can be used in both anisotropic and isotropic resonators, which expands the range of material candidates. Isotropic materials have shown the highest Q facto...

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Thermodynamical fluctuations and photo-thermal shot noise in gravitational wave antennae

Cited by 239 publications

References 15 publications

Thermoelastic-Damping Noise from Sapphire Mirrors in a Fundamental-Noise-Limited Interferometer

Thermoelastic-Damping Noise from Sapphire Mirrors in a Fundamental-Noise-Limited Interferometer

Quantum Limits on Measurement and Control of a Mechanical Oscillator

Nano-Kelvin Thermometry and Temperature Control: Beyond the Thermal Noise Limit

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