“…[1][2][3][4][5]33,34,38,39] A number of studies obtained the right orientation of ET proteins and redox enzymes using electrode (mainly Au) surfaces functionalized with self-assembled thiol monolayers or with spacers of variable lengths bearing endgroups of different nature. [1][2][3][29][30][31] Some proteins, moreover, such as nitrate reductase, [29,48] DMSO reductase [29] cytochrome c nitrite reductase, [49,50] sulfite oxidase, [51,52] cytochrome c [53,54] and cytochrome c 3 , [55] upon electron transfer process undergo more or less severe conformational changes (which, in turn, can modulate the following catalytic process). In a short time scale, typical of a CV measurement, the protein transfers electrons with the electrode without diffusing through the film.…”