Thermodynamics of smart bubbles: The role of interfacial energies in porous ceramic production and non-metallic inclusion removal

Bubble generation in refractory porous plugs: The role of the ceramic surface composition

“…For instance, the ideal D B value to withdraw silica inclusions from liquid steel ranges within 1 and 5 mm based on kinetic aspects, which is restricted within the 1.5-2 mm range when the thermodynamic aspects are coupled. 8,17 In this case, according to the calculations, the silicon carbide compositions could generate the smallest bubble sizes in liquid steel. Additionally, one must be aware of the gas expansion along the bubble's ascension in the steel ladle due to the ferrostatic pressure drop and the thermal equilibrium with the liquid metal.…”

“…Although the current commercial plugs based on Al₂O₃ and MgO show a good performance regarding the resistance to infiltration, 29 these compositions result in the largest bubble diameters. For instance, the ideal D B value to withdraw silica inclusions from liquid steel ranges within 1 and 5 mm based on kinetic aspects, which is restricted within the 1.5–2 mm range when the thermodynamic aspects are coupled 8,17 . In this case, according to the calculations, the silicon carbide compositions could generate the smallest bubble sizes in liquid steel.…”

“…Bubble generation in liquid media takes place in several unit operations, which comprises interfacial interaction between two or more phases. As the optimum range of bubble sizes is inherent to a specific process and defined by the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, 8 understanding the mechanism of bubble generation turns out to be a key factor to maximize its efficiency. Experimental simulations in aqueous media, simplified by a low temperature and the transparency of the liquid, provides laboratory‐scale tests to study the influence of intrinsic factors on the bubble geometry.…”

Diffusion of Lanthanum/Cerium/Manganese in Rare‐Earth Heavy Rail Steel at the Refractory Interface

“…China's rich rare earth resource reserves make the improvement of rare earth utilization rate become the general trend, but the problem of nozzle clogging caused by the addition of rare earth elements (REE) to steel is more tricky. [1][2][3][4] This issue is due to the incompatibilities between most existed steel grades with refractories, combined with unfavorable cost-effectiveness. [1] At present, through the survey, it has been found that adjusting the refractory material of the nozzle is an effective improvement measure.…”

“…[ 1 ] At present, through the survey, it has been found that adjusting the refractory material of the nozzle is an effective improvement measure. [ 2 ] Diffusion is a common phenomenon at the interface between refractory materials and molten steel. [ 3 ] Diffusion speed directly determines the service life of refractories, thus playing a vital role in the evolution and performance of the microstructure of refractories.…”