Thermographic evaluation of early melanoma within the vascularized skin using combined non-Newtonian blood flow and bioheat models

Long-term exercise training as a modulator of mammary cancer vascularization

“…Ultrasonography is very useful in women with dense breasts and in the characterization of breast lesions identified in mammographic examination [11], being frequently used as an adjuvant tool for clinical breast examination. Thermography measures the infrared radiation emitted from the body, revealing superficial temperature patterns which are directly related to local vascularization, and may therefore be used to study physiological and pathological vascular changes [12][13][14]. This technique was first introduced for breast cancer screening in 1956 and later recognized by the Food and Drug Administration as a tool for breast cancer risk assessment [15].…”

Suitability of frequency modulated thermal wave imaging for skin cancer detection—A theoretical prediction

“…In the current clinical settings and research facilities many conventional and state-of-the-art non-invasive modalities are explored for the detection and the differentiation of skin cancer, viz., terahertz pulse imaging (Woodward et al, 2002), reflectance mode short-pulse laser detection method (Bhowmik et al, 2014a), thermal imaging (Centigul and Hermann, 2011;Bonmarin and Le Gal, 2014a;Bhowmik et al, 2014b) and many more (Psaty and Halpern, 2009). In the recent years, the use of thermal imaging techniques for the detection and the differentiation of skin cancer stages have gained exceptional interest.…”

“…It is worth-noting here that, the key difference in all the earlier thermographic studies for the detection of skin cancer (Centigul andHermann, 2010, 2011;Le Gal, 2014a, 2014b;Bhowmik et al, 2014b) and for the characterization of chromophores (Milner et al, 1995;Milner et al, 1996;Telenkov et al, 2002) within the skin is the applied boundary condition on the surface of the skin. A number of investigations on skin cancer detection using dynamic thermal imaging (DTI) during thermal recovery from cold stress have been carried out by applying either the convective heat flux (Centigul andHermann, 2010, 2011) or the combined heat flux condition (Bhowmik et al, 2014b) on the skin surface.…”

“…Based on the available literature on various thermal imaging techniques (Di Carlo, 1995;Feasey et al, 1971;Milner et al, 1996;Telenkov et al, 2002;Deng and Liu, 2004;Centigul andHermann, 2010, 2011;Bhowmik et al, 2013b;Le Gal, 2014a, 2014b;Bhowmik et al, 2014b) it can be noted that, the use of FMTWI techniques for the detection and the differentiation of skin cancer stages are limited. The thermal imaging of skin surface using FMTWI technique can be achieved by controlled heating of the surface using frequency modulated thermo-stimulation.…”

“…The infrared (IR) imaging techniques are quite useful for pre-and postclinical evaluation, since these techniques are relatively fast and can be utilized repetitively for longer span without the risk of radiation. At present, IR imaging techniques are widely used in many biomedical applications, viz., detection of early skin cancer (Bonmarin and Le Gal, 2014a;Bhowmik et al, 2014b) and breast cancer (Lawson, 1956), estimation of skin temperature oscillation due to subsurface blood flow (Sagaidachnyi et al, 2014), estimation of burn injury (Cole et al, 1990), monitoring the efficacy of drugs (Hintersteiner et al, 2005) and treatment (Santa Cruz et al, 2009), vascular disorders (Bagavathiappan et al, 2009), pains (Gulevich et al, 1997), monitoring the thermal response of skin surface during photo-thermal ablation of subsurface tumor (Sajjadi et al, 2008;Paul et al, 2014), aftermaths of cryo-therapy (Costello et al, 2012), evaluation of the state of biological implant (Yang et al, 2009), detection and characterization of subsurface chromophores in biological materials (Milner et al, 1995;Milner et al, 1996;Telenkov et al, 2002), estimation of increasing fat thickness (Bhowmik et al, 2015), thermal tomography (Shi et al, 2014), and many more (Diakides and Bronzino, 2007). The advancement and deeper understanding of bio-optics, digital manipulation, image processing, thermal and physiological characteristics of human body made the thermography a capable technique to evaluate the subsurface changes efficiently.…”