Thermographic measurement of skin temperature recovery time of extremities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

To elucidate the relationship between the recovery of skin temperature in an extremity after exposure to cold water and various factors associated with diabetes, we measured skin temperature in type2 diabetic patients (N=61) and control subjects (N=16). A thermo-tracer was used in thermographic measurements. The right third toe of each subject was immersed in cold water at 0 degrees C for 10 sec. Rt represents the recovery rate of skin temperature at t min after exposure. Rt was significantly reduced in the diabetic patients every 5 min in the 20 min period following exposure compared with control subjects. The diabetic patients group exhibited a significantly positive correlation between R20 and the ankle-brachial index. R20 in the diabetic patients showed a significantly positive correlation with the reduction in systolic blood pressure at the arm observed in Schellong's test. In addition, R20 showed a significantly negative correlation with plasma levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. However, the severity of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy was not significantly related to R20 in the diabetic patients. The present data indicate that the recovery of skin temperature after immersion in cold water was markedly reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as compared with healthy control subjects. Peripheral arteriosclerosis, impaired sympathetic nerve function and the activation of the blood coagulation system may all contribute to this reduced recovery of skin temperature.

Application of infrared thermography in computer aided diagnosis

“…In ischemic conditions, where blood perfusion may be [100] 2013 1b 1 ---Mori et al [101] 2013 3b 1 ---Najafi et al [102] 2012 2b 1 ---Barriga et al [103] 2012 2b 1 ---Balbinot et al [63] 2012 1b 2 -81.3 46.2 Nagase et al [61] 2011 1b 1 ---Bagavathiappan et al [104] 2010 2b 1 ---Kaabouch et al [105] 2009 3b ----Lavery et al [106] 2007 1a 1 ---Sun et al [107] 2006 2a 1 ---Armstrong et al [108] 2006 3b 1 ---Bharara et al [109] 2006 1b 1 ---Marcinkowska-Gapińska and Kowal [110] 2006 2a 1 ---Sun et al [111] 2005 2a 1 ---Armstrong et al [112] 2003 1b 1 ---Jiang et al [113] 2002 2a 1 ---Fujiwara et al [114] 2000 2a 1 ---Hosaki et al [115] 1999 2b ---Armstrong et al [116] 1997 1b 1 ---Benbow et al [62] 1994 1b 1 ---Stess et al [117] 1986 2a 1 ---Fushimi et al [118] 1985 3b 1 ---Sandrow et al [119] 1972 2-----Brånemark et al [120] 1967 1a ----reduced, especially at the periphery of the human body and limbs (hands and feet), these temperature pattern change [95]. Diabetic foot complications are expensive and they reduce the quality of life for many patients [96].…”

Location of foot arteries using infrared images

“…According to Planck's Law, once fixed band of wavelengths, the radiation emitted by the body depends on its temperature and its emissivity. Therefore, if one of these variables is known, it could through Infrared Thermography know the other, either on time or in their evolution over time as both the length and width of a surface [1].…”

“…Infrared thermography is a method of measuring radiation emitted by an object, this mainly comprises the wavelength range of 7 to 14 microns [1]. According to Planck's Law, once fixed band of wavelengths, the radiation emitted by the body depends on its temperature and its emissivity.…”

“…From the point of view of the observer, the camera allows to observe an image in gray tones or pseudocolor of the surface to study, these shades or colors compose a distribution of the radiation emitted by the body under study, and gives a first qualitative idea, of the thermal behavior [1].…”

Thermal imaging of skin changes on the feet of type II diabetics

“…Autonomic neuropathy [1,2}, increased local pressure due to poor footwear {3} and osteomyelitis [4] have been discussed as the reason for this phenomenon. The contribution of autonomic neuropathy is supported by reduced or absent responses of skin temperatures to thermal stimuli [6,7].…”