Thermomechanical modelling of the tribological surface transformations in the railroad network (white etching layer)

Thiercelin, Léo; Saint-Aimé, Loic; Lebon, Frédéric; Saulot, Aurélien

doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2020.103636

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…These tests demonstrated the predominantly mechanical formation of the WEL, as the slip level was less than 2%. Moreover, the combined effect of contact pressure and sliding was confirmed, validating one part of the model proposed by Thiercelin et al [ 39 ], i.e., the pressure–shear coupling.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…The role of temperature in the kinetics of WEL formation is contestable, as temperatures above 200 °C will activate other microstructural mechanisms that inhibit grain fragmentation–transformation kinetics. The model proposed by Thiercelin [ 39 ] would then be invalidated for temperatures of 200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C. Future tests at lower temperatures (below 200 °C) will have to be conducted to determine whether low-temperature elevations could still favor the WEL formation mechanism, as noted by Newcombs et al [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermal coupling part of the model proposed by Thiercelin et al [ 39 ] was then invalidated for temperatures between 200 °C and 400 °C; however, the formation of WEL by pure shear was confirmed. Further shear tests at temperatures between 20 °C and 200 °C must be considered to validate the model at low temperature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, this model does not take into account the shearing of the grains at the extreme surface of the rails. To overcome these limits, Thiercelin et al [ 39 ] improved this model by adding a shear contribution to the WEL formation criterion. The WEL formation would result from a coupling between the hydrostatic pressure and the shear stress, which would be enhanced by the temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel

et al. 2022

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The formation of a white etching layer (WEL), a very hard and brittle phase on the rail surface, is associated with a progressive transformation of the pearlitic grain to very fragmented grains due to the cumulative passage of trains. Its formation is associated with a complex thermomechanical coupling. To predict the exact conditions of WEL formation, a thermomechanical model previously proposed by the authors needs to be validated. In this study, monotonic and cyclic shear tests using hat-shaped specimens were conducted in the temperature range of 20 ∘C to 400 ∘C to reproduce the WEL formation. The tests showed a strong sensitivity of the material to temperature, which does not necessarily favor WEL formation. For the monotonic tests, no WELs were produced; however, a localization of the plastic deformation was observed for tests performed at 200 ∘C and 300 ∘C. In this temperature range, the material was less ductile than at room temperature, leading to failure before WEL formation. At 400 ∘C, the material exhibited a much more ductile behavior, and nanograins close to WEL stages were visible. For the cyclic tests, a WEL zone was successfully reproduced at room temperature only and confirmed the effect of shear in WEL formation. The same cyclic tests conducted at 200 ∘C and 300 ∘C yielded results consistent with those of the monotonic tests; the deformation was much more localized and did not lead to WEL formation.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel

et al. 2022

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“…Due to the differences in hardness values and main phases, the cracks initiate easily at boundaries between two types of different layers [29,35,50,51], such as the WEL/BEL, the WEL/matrix, or the BEL/matrix. As shown in Figure 8a,c (Sample 1) and Figure 9a,c (Sample 2), cracks 1-2 initiate at the boundary of the WEL and BEL and cracks 3-5 initiate at the boundary of the BEL and the matrix.…”

Section: The Crack Propagation Behavior In the Surface Stratification...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation Mechanisms and Crack Propagation Behaviors of White Etching Layers and Brown Etching Layers on Raceways of Failure Bearings

Zhang,

Wu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Lubricants

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White etching layers (WELs) and brown etching layers (BELs), formed on the upper layer of bearing raceways generally lead to surface crack initiation and propagation and significantly affect the stable operation of precision bearings. In this study, the microstructure features of WELs and BELs from two failure bearings have been characterized and analyzed. The BEL mainly consists of quenched martensite with higher hardness values. The bainite simultaneously exists at the boundary of the BEL/matrix. Owing to the relative roll and slip, temperature increases and rapid decreases are the main formation mechanisms of the BEL in this study (thermal-induced effect). The WEL can be only found on one sample, and elongated and coarse grains are found in this region. It can be speculated that the WEL may originate from the surface region temperature increasing again and then slowly decreasing. Cracks can initiate at the boundaries of the WEL/BEL/matrix. The crack propagation behaviors are significantly affected by the properties of the WEL and BEL microstructure. It is difficult for the cracks to propagate from a softer WEL into a harder BEL. Thus, the depth of cracks in the WEL is shallower. However, because of the brittle nature of quenched martensite in the BEL, cracks can easily propagate downward under contact stress. Thus, the depth of cracks can exceed 100 μm easily. The formation mechanisms of the WEL/BEL and crack propagation behaviors have been further proved and discussed in this study.

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Mathematical Model of the Thermoelasticity of the Surface Layer of Parts During Discontinuous Friction Treatment

Gurey

Shynkarenko

Kuzio

2021

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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Thermomechanical modelling of the tribological surface transformations in the railroad network (white etching layer)

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel

Development of Temperature-Controlled Shear Tests to Reproduce White-Etching-Layer Formation in Pearlitic Rail Steel

Formation Mechanisms and Crack Propagation Behaviors of White Etching Layers and Brown Etching Layers on Raceways of Failure Bearings

Mathematical Model of the Thermoelasticity of the Surface Layer of Parts During Discontinuous Friction Treatment

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