We presently extend the virial theorem for both discrete and continuous systems of material points with variable mass, relying on developments presented in Ganghoffer (Int J Solids Struct 47:1209-1220. The developed framework is applicable to describe physical systems at very different scales, from the evolution of a population of biological cells accounting for growth to mass ejection phenomena occurring within a collection of gravitating objects at the very large astrophysical scales. As a starting basis, the field equations in continuum mechanics are written to account for a mass source and a mass flux, leading to a formulation of the virial theorem accounting for non-constant mass within the considered system. The scalar and tensorial forms of the virial theorem are then written successively in both Lagrangian and Eulerian formats, incorporating the mass flux. As an illustration, the averaged stress tensor in accreting gravitating solid bodies is evaluated based on the generalized virial theorem.
List of symbols R, R i (r, r i )Material (resp. spatial) position vectors X, x Referential and actual position of material points for a continuum J Inertia tensorMomentum for a single particlê V ,V Respectively, the scalar and tensorial virialŝ V int ,V ext Respectively, the internal and external scalar virials · Ensemble averaging (equivalent to time averaging according to ergodicity) V 0 (resp. V 0 ) Average scalar (resp. tensorial) material virial V (resp. V ) Average scalar (resp. tensorial) spatial virial Communicated by Victor Eremeyev, Peter Schiavone and Francesco dell'Isola.