Thermophysical Properties of an Insensitive Munitions Compound, 2,4-Dinitroanisole

Abstract

Accurate values of thermophysical properties of toxic chemical compounds over a range of temperatures are essential for understanding their environmental distribution, biotransformation, and development of potential water treatment processes. In this study, the aqueous solubility (s w), octanol–water partition coefficient (K ow), and Henry’s law constant (k H) were measured for an insensitive munitions compound, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), at the temperatures of (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. The effect of ionic environment on solubility, using electrolytes such as NaCl and CaCl2, was also studied. The data on the thermophysical parameters were correlated using the standard van’t Hoff equation. All three properties exhibited a linear relationship with reciprocal temperature. The enthalpy and entropy of phase transfer were derived from the experimental data.

Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils

“…IMs containing DNAN are more likely to result in incomplete detonations than traditional explosives . DNAN is also more soluble than TNT in water, 276.2 mg L −1 (Boddu et al, 2008) versus 103.1 (Ro et al, 1996) at 25°C, and laboratory studies show that DNAN is readily dissolved from IM formulations when exposed to water (Taylor et al, 2013;Taylor et al, 2015).…”

Biodegradation of IMX-101 explosive formulation constituents: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine

“…NTO and NQ are soluble in water (49 g L −1 and 5 g L −1 respectively) and have not been shown to significantly adsorb to soils [7,8]. In contrast, DNAN is poorly soluble in water (276 mg L −1 ), producing rod shaped crystals at higher concentrations [9] adsorption to clay and organic soils likely. Henry's constants for DNAN (5.5 × 10 −4 atm-m 3 mol −1 , at 25 • C) and NQ (7 × 10 −6 atmm 3 mol −1 ) [7,9] suggest IMX volatilization rates are likely to be insignificant.…”

“…In contrast, DNAN is poorly soluble in water (276 mg L −1 ), producing rod shaped crystals at higher concentrations [9] adsorption to clay and organic soils likely. Henry's constants for DNAN (5.5 × 10 −4 atm-m 3 mol −1 , at 25 • C) and NQ (7 × 10 −6 atmm 3 mol −1 ) [7,9] suggest IMX volatilization rates are likely to be insignificant. The toxicities of these compounds have been reported to be low for aquatic organisms [10][11][12]; however photolytic reductions of DNAN and NQ have resulted in the production of toxic compounds including: 2,4-dinitrophenol; guanidine, urea; cyanoguanidine, and nitrite [13,14].…”

Outdoor dissolution of detonation residues of three insensitive munitions (IM) formulations

“…The insensitive explosive formulations studied here differ from conventional explosives in several ways: (1) they have three or http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.041 0045-6535/Published by Elsevier Ltd. more major energetic components; (2) these components have different water solubilities and crystal sizes; and (3) the matrix (DNAN or DNAN + RDX) is the least water-soluble component (Boddu et al, 2008). The high aqueous solubility of NTO (Spear et al, 1989), NQ (Haag et al, 1990) and AP (Motzer, 2001) increases the likelihood that they could reach groundwater and be transported off the training range (Table 1).…”