Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence

Nayar, Kishor G.; Sharqawy, Mostafa H.; Banchik, Leonardo David; Lienhard, John H.

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.024

Cited by 440 publications

(253 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…We use Pitzer's model for electrolyte solutions (see, e.g., [21,22,23]) to calculate sodium chloride solution osmotic pressure and density as a function of concentration. Due to the low compressibility of water [24], the high pressures utilized in RO systems are not expected to significantly affect the physical properties of the solutions. Diffusion coefficients are taken from data in [25] (see…”

Section: Solution Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying osmotic membrane fouling to enable comparisons across diverse processes

Tow

Lienhard

2016

Journal of Membrane Science

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In this study, a method of in situ membrane fouling quantification is developed that enables comparisons of foulant accumulation between desalination processes with different membranes, driving forces, and feed solutions. Unlike the conventional metric of flux decline, which measures the response of a process to fouling, the proposed method quantifies the foulant accumulation. Foulant accumulation is parameterized by two variables, cake structural parameter and hydraulic diameter, that are calculated from flux measurements using a model for salt and water transport through fouled reverse osmosis (RO) and forward osmosis (FO) membranes, including dispersive mass transfer in the FO membrane support layer. Model results show that pressure declines through the foulant layer and can, in FO, reach negative absolute values at the membrane. Experimental alginate gel fouling rates are measured within a range of feed ionic compositions where cake hydraulic resistance is negligible. Using both flux decline and cake structural parameter as metrics, the effect of feed salinity on RO fouling is tested and RO is compared to FO. When RO is fouled with alginate, feed salinity and membrane permeability affect flux decline but not foulant accumulation rate. Between FO and RO, the initial rates of foulant accumulation are similar; however, FO exhibits slower flux decline, which causes greater foulant accumulation over time. The new methodology enables meaningful quantification and comparison of fouling rates with the aim of improving fundamental understanding of fouling processes.

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Section: Solution Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying osmotic membrane fouling to enable comparisons across diverse processes

Tow

Lienhard

2016

Journal of Membrane Science

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“…In addition, sodium chloride is the major component in seawater, and recent studies show close agreement between the properties of the two solutions [32,33]. The properties of sodium chloride were implemented in MATLAB by Thiel et al [34,35] using Pitzer's equations [36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Appendix E Thermophysical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal design and operation of electrodialysis for brackish-water desalination and for high-salinity brine concentration

et al. 2017

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Electrodialysis (ED) is a desalination technology that has been deployed commercially for decades. However, few studies in the literature have looked at the optimal design and operation of these systems, especially for the concentration of high-salinity brines. In this paper, a set of constraints is defined to allow a fair comparison between different system sizes, designs, and operating conditions. The design and operation of ED are studied for the applications of brackish-water desalination and of high-salinity brine concentration for a fixed system size. The set of variables that determine the power consumption of a fixed-size system is reduced to include only the channel height and the velocity, with all the other design and operation variables depending on these two variables. After studying the minimization of power consumption for a fixed system size, the minimum costs associated with the different system sizes are studied, and the differing trends in brackish-water and high-salinity applications are compared. Finally this paper presents the effect of the cost modeling parameters on the trends of the optimal system size, current density, length, channel height, and velocity for the two applications studied.

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“…Additionally, in numerical models, researchers have tried to improve the accuracy of ocean/sea subsurface water temperature estimation by considering physical parameters such as density, heat capacity, and pressure. Nayar et al [106] reviewed and developed a correlation for physical seawater parameters such as Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy based on salinity and temperature. The correlation is based on thermodynamic relationships, and is a function of temperature, salinity, and pressure.…”

Section: Accurate Sea Surface Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Ocean/Sea Subsurface Water Temperature Studies from Remote Sensing and Non-Remote Sensing Methods

Akbari

Alavipanah

Jeihouni

et al. 2017

Water

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Oceans/Seas are important components of Earth that are affected by global warming and climate change. Recent studies have indicated that the deeper oceans are responsible for climate variability by changing the Earth's ecosystem; therefore, assessing them has become more important. Remote sensing can provide sea surface data at high spatial/temporal resolution and with large spatial coverage, which allows for remarkable discoveries in the ocean sciences. The deep layers of the ocean/sea, however, cannot be directly detected by satellite remote sensors. Therefore, researchers have examined the relationships between salinity, height, and temperature of the oceans/Seas to estimate their subsurface water temperature using dynamical models and model-based data assimilation (numerical based and statistical) approaches, which simulate these parameters by employing remotely sensed data and in situ measurements. Due to the requirements of comprehensive perception and the importance of global warming in decision making and scientific studies, this review provides comprehensive information on the methods that are used to estimate ocean/sea subsurface water temperature from remotely and non-remotely sensed data. To clarify the subsurface processes, the challenges, limitations, and perspectives of the existing methods are also investigated.

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Thermophysical properties of seawater: A review and new correlations that include pressure dependence

Cited by 440 publications

References 48 publications

Quantifying osmotic membrane fouling to enable comparisons across diverse processes

Quantifying osmotic membrane fouling to enable comparisons across diverse processes

Optimal design and operation of electrodialysis for brackish-water desalination and for high-salinity brine concentration

A Review of Ocean/Sea Subsurface Water Temperature Studies from Remote Sensing and Non-Remote Sensing Methods

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