Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer‐Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium‐Metal Cells with Enhanced Cycling Performance

Park, Myung Soo; Woo, Hyun Sik; Heo, Jung Moo; Kim, Jong Man; Thangavel, Ranjith; Lee, Yun‐Sung; Kim, Dong Won

doi:10.1002/cssc.201901799

Cited by 48 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Impressively, it is revealed that the overpotentials of Na||ETPTA–NaClO 4 –QSSE||Na symmetrical cells are only 70, 151, 232, 254, 310, and 355 mV with increasing current densities of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 mA cm −2 , respectively. Notably, the maximum withstand current density of ETPTA–NaClO 4 –QSSE is much higher than those of recently reported works, such as PEO‐based electrolyte (0.1 mA cm −2 ), [ 37,52 ] Na 3 Zr 2 Si 2 PO 12 (0.25 mA cm −2 ), [ 16–53 ] Na 3 SbS 4 (0.1 mA cm −2 ), [ 54,55 ] Na 2 S–P 2 S 5 (0.013 mA cm −2 ), [ 56 ] thermoplastic polyurethane‐based electrolyte (0.5 mA cm −2 ), [ 57 ] PVDF–HFP based electrolyte (0.5 mA cm −2 ) [ 58 ] (Table S1, Supporting Information). Furthermore, such low overpotential can be readily restored to 64 mV after the current density reduces back to 0.1 mA cm −2 , suggestive of excellent rate capability.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerized Gel Electrolyte with Unprecedented Room‐Temperature Ionic Conductivity for High‐Energy‐Density Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries

Wen

Shi

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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Solid‐state sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are highly promising rechargeable batteries owing to the abundance and cost effectiveness of sodium. However, the low room‐temperature ionic conductivity and narrow voltage window of solid‐state electrolytes seriously inhibit the development of SMBs. Herein, an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate based quasisolid‐state electrolyte (ETPTA–NaClO4–QSSE) is developed by photopolymerization for high‐energy‐density solid‐state SMBs. The ETPTA–NaClO4–QSSE exhibits remarkable room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 1.2 mS cm−1, a wide electrochemical window of >4.7 V versus Na+/Na, and excellent flexibility. Owing to outstanding interfacial compatibility between this electrolyte and the electrode, Na metal symmetrical batteries show ultralong cyclability with 1000 h at 0.1 mA cm−2, and ultralow overpotential of 355 mV at 1 mA cm−2, indicative of significant suppression of the Na dendrite growth. Notably, Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) full batteries (NVP||ETPTA–NaClO4–QSSE||Na) display unprecedented rate capability, with a recorded capacity of 55 mAh g−1 at 15 C, higher than any achieved so far in solid‐state SMBs, and long‐term cycling stability at 5 C, offering a capacity retention of 97% after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, NVP||ETPTA–NaClO4–QSSE||Na pouch cells represent excellent flexibility and exceptional safety, demonstrative of wide applicability. Therefore, this work will open new opportunities to develop room‐temperature high‐energy‐density solid‐state SMBs.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Photopolymerized Gel Electrolyte with Unprecedented Room‐Temperature Ionic Conductivity for High‐Energy‐Density Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries

Wen

Shi

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…[ 16–23 ] Applications of Li metal anode have been hindered by the scarcity and uneven distribution of Li resource. Benefiting from the wide distribution of Na resource, it is possible to design high power, high energy density and low‐cost sodium‐based batteries by “enhanced cathode materials,” [ 24 ] “electrolyte design” [ 25 ] and sodium metal anode protection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Sodium Metal Batteries via Manipulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure

et al. 2020

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ion batteries (LIBs), which significantly hinders the technology adoption rate. The energy density of SIBs is greatly limited by the anode material, [10] for example, the conventional anode, hard carbon, can only provide a specific capacity of ≈250 mAh g −1 . Sodium metal is an ideal alternative of the anode materials for SIBs due to its relatively high theoretical specific capacity (1166 mAh g −1 ) and low redox potential (−2.71 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). [11][12][13][14][15] Typical sodium metal batteries, such as sodium-sulfur and sodium-oxygen batteries, have ultrahigh theoretical energy densities of 1274 and 1605 Wh kg −1 , respectively, which are 10 times higher than that of the SIBs (120 Wh kg −1 ). [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Applications of Li metal anode have been hindered by the scarcity and uneven distribution of Li resource. Benefiting from the wide distribution of Na resource, it is possible to design high power, high energy density and low-cost sodium-based batteries by "enhanced cathode materials," [24] "electrolyte design" [25] and sodium metal anode protection.Although the sodium metal anode holds promising potential for providing high energy density, its practical applications are encountered with several essential challenges, such as dendritic growth and side reactions, thus leading to serious safety issues and short battery life. To overcome these problems, tremendous efforts have been devoted to suppressing the sodium dendrite growth and enhancing the Coulombic efficiency (CE) of sodium metal anode. A variety of strategies have been proposed to improve the reversibility and cycling stability, including the utilization of 3D current collectors, manipulation of artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and development of stable electrolyte solvation structure. For example, the 3D metal skeletons, [26,27] carbon-based materials, [28][29][30][31][32] and pillared Mxene [33] have been used as current collectors for sodium metal anode, which successfully change the sodium plating/stripping behaviors and achieve better cycling performances by reducing the local current densities at the electrode surface. However, the direct consequences for using 3D current collectors include the introduction of voids and additional weight of inactive materials and the sacrifice of the first cycle CE caused by increased anode surface area. The utilization of artificial SEI is another common strategy to physically suppress the Na dendrite and increase the CE of sodium anode. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Nevertheless, it is still challenging to design suitable artificial SEI because of the large size of the Sodium metal batteries have attracted rapidly rising attention due to their low cost and high energy densities. However, the instability and low efficiency of metallic sodium anodes pose significant concerns for their practical applications. Here a highly stable sodium metal anode enabled by an etherbased electrolyte is reported, which exhibits a long-term stable cycling up to 400 cycles and achie...

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“…With our polyHIPEs we achieve a MacMullin number of less than 2, unmatched by any other stretchable separator technology. [ 8–10,40–48 ] Introducing potassium hydroxide (KOH) as electrolyte boosts the separator conductivity to record high 0.39 ± 0.05 S cm −1 while keeping the MacMullin number below 2, corroborating the performance increase achievable with polyHIPE separators.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 84%

Stretchable Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion Separators for High Performance Soft Batteries

Danninger

Hartmann

Paschinger

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

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large areas available on the skin or within the body. [3] Intrinsically stretchable batteries effectively make use of available space while perfectly complying to deformations and maintaining comfort for the wearer. [4][5][6] Recent developments exploit high-energydensity materials, such as Zn and Li-ion based batteries, [7][8][9][10] to enhance battery capacity and close the gap to rigid-island designs. [11] Despite the progress in capacity and rechargeability, the principle design of planar intrinsically stretchable batteries has largely remained unchanged. The interplay of electrodes, efficient current collectors, highly ionically conductive separators/gelelectrolytes, and their conformal orientation must collectively be optimized to boost battery performance. Promising solutions for single components, including multilayer current collectors, [12] tough electrodes, [13] and self-healing gel-electrolytes [14] were demonstrated recently. However, many prototypes still use the coplanar orientation of electrodes [4,12,[15][16][17] as proposed for the first soft batteries. [18] This design sacrifices performance due to increased ionic pathways in the gel electrolytes. Introducing a sandwich design of stacked battery components (Figure 1a), greatly reduces ionic pathways and therefore the internal resistance of the battery. [19] Soft (sandwich-design) batteries require electron-insulating separators, which have to meet high ion conductivity, extensibility, and chemical inertness. Hydrogels are often used in water-based systems, serving as gel Powering soft embodiments of robots, machines and electronics is a key issue that impacts emerging human friendly forms of technologies. Batteries as energy source enable their untethered operation at high power density but must be rendered elastic to fully comply with (soft) robots and human beings. Current intrinsically stretchable batteries typically show decreased performance when deformed due to design limitations, mainly imposed by the separator material. High quality stretchable separators such as gel electrolytes represent a key component of soft batteries that affects power, internal resistance, and capacity independently of battery chemistry. Here, polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs) are introduced as highly ionically conductive separators in stretchable (rechargeable) batteries. Highly porous (>80%) separators result in electrolyte to polyHIPE conductivity ratios of below 2, while maintaining stretchability of ≈50% strain. The high stretchability, tunable porosity, and fast ion transport enable stretchable batteries with internal resistance below 3 Ω and 16.8 mAh cm −2 capacity that power on-skin processing and communication electronics. The battery/separator architecture is universally applicable to boost battery performance and represents a step towards autonomous operation of conformable electronic skins for healthcare, robotics, and consumers.

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Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomer‐Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Sodium‐Metal Cells with Enhanced Cycling Performance

Cited by 48 publications

References 39 publications

Photopolymerized Gel Electrolyte with Unprecedented Room‐Temperature Ionic Conductivity for High‐Energy‐Density Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries

Photopolymerized Gel Electrolyte with Unprecedented Room‐Temperature Ionic Conductivity for High‐Energy‐Density Solid‐State Sodium Metal Batteries

Stable Sodium Metal Batteries via Manipulation of Electrolyte Solvation Structure

Stretchable Polymerized High Internal Phase Emulsion Separators for High Performance Soft Batteries

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