Thermoplastic Starch

Shanks, Robert A.; Kong, I

doi:10.5772/36295

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Inclusion of bio-based phases was expected to decrease the environmental impact of conventional plastics because of their renewable origin and in some cases, biodegradability [117]. Starch was selected for many biocomposites, given its low cost, good permeability properties, and inherent biodegradability by microorganisms into harmless products [118]. However, evidence shows that these composites are not inherently biodegradable; for composites based in polyolefins, biodegradation occurs only for starch [119].…”

Section: Anaerobic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review

et al. 2020

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Plastic waste is an issue of global concern because of the environmental impact of its accumulation in waste management systems and ecosystems. Biodegradability was proposed as a solution to overcome this problem; however, most biodegradable plastics were designed to degrade under aerobic conditions, ideally fulfilled in a composting plant. These new plastics could arrive to anaerobic environments, purposely or frequently, because of their mismanagement at the end of their useful life. This review analyzes the behavior of biodegradable and conventional plastics under anaerobic conditions, specifically in anaerobic digestion systems and landfills. A review was performed in order to identify: (a) the environmental conditions found in anaerobic digestion processes and landfills, as well as the mechanisms for degradation in those environments; (b) the experimental methods used for the assessment of biodegradation in anaerobic conditions; and (c) the extent of the biodegradation process for different plastics. Results show a remarkable variability of the biodegradation rate depending on the type of plastic and experimental conditions, with clearly better performance in anaerobic digestion systems, where temperature, water content, and inoculum are strictly controlled. The majority of the studied plastics showed that thermophilic conditions increase degradation. It should not be assumed that plastics designed to be degraded aerobically will biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, and an exact match must be done between the specific plastics and the end of life options that they will face.

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Section: Anaerobic Digestionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review

et al. 2020

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“…These components can interact with the carbohydrate chains during processing (e.g., Maillard reaction) and then modify the behaviour of the starchbased materials. Moreover, starch contains about 10% bound water [13].…”

Section: Structural Features Of Starchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Along with promoting plasticisation, the addition of a plasticiser like glycerol improves the fi lm's extensibility and reduces elasticity but greatly reduces the tensile strength [34]. However, it is noteworthy that at low concentrations (below around 10-15%) glycerol may exhibit an anti-plasticisation effect due to its higher affi nity with water than with starch [13]. This can increase the gelatinisation temperature of native starch as well as increase the glass transition temperature and brittleness of the corresponding TPS materials [13].…”

Section: Plasticisersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is noteworthy that at low concentrations (below around 10-15%) glycerol may exhibit an anti-plasticisation effect due to its higher affi nity with water than with starch [13]. This can increase the gelatinisation temperature of native starch as well as increase the glass transition temperature and brittleness of the corresponding TPS materials [13]. A further consequence of the addition of a plasticiser is the signifi cant increase in water or oxygen permeability of the material [34,66] (and the permeability depends on water more than on polyols [67]).…”

Section: Plasticisersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoplastic Starch

Xie¹,

Luckman²,

Milne³

et al. 2014

j renew mater

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Starch is a biopolymer that is widely available from agriculture/nature and thus is renewable and cheap. In addition, starch-based materials are biodegradable, offering a great advantage over traditional nonbiodegradable synthetic polymers. However, the poor processibility and product performance of starch have greatly impeded the wide application of starch in real applications. This paper reviews the current developments of the production of thermoplastic starch as a commodity renewable material. The biological origins of the feedstock, formulation development, processing requirements, as well as the important aspects that need to be addressed when designing a product from starch are discussed. It is hoped that this paper will provide insights into thermoplastic starch-based materials trends and and inspiration for future research.

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“…High shear and heat, such as the one imparted by extruders disrupt the semi-crystalline structure of granular starch at higher moisture operation (French, 1984). This loss of structure, which consisted of concentric alternating amorphous and semi-crystalline growth rings, results in a homogeneous melt with thermoplastic properties, a prerequisite for starch be made into films for various food and non-food applications (Shanks & Kong, 2012;Zdrahala, 1997). Being abundantly available, renewable, and a low-cost raw material (US$ 0.25-0.6 per kg) (Chiellini, Cinelli, Ilieva, Imam, & Lawton, 2009;Lai & Padua, 1997;Mali, Grossmann, Garcia, Martino, & Zaritzky, 2005), starch is considered as a promising biopolymer for many food and non-food packaging-related applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sheet‐extruded films from blends of hydroxypropylated and native corn starches, and their characterization

Kim

Lamsal

Jane

et al. 2019

J Food Process Engineering

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Sheet‐extruded films from the blends of hydroxypropylated normal corn starch (HP) and native normal corn starch (NS) at weight ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100 were prepared and characterized. Glycerol and water were added as plasticizers at 11 and 27% starch weight, respectively. The highest tensile strength (TS) and longest elongation to break (EB) for dry films were observed at 70:30 HP: NS ratio, which was 25.76 MPa, and 3.97%, respectively. However, TS and EB of this 70:30 blend extruded starch film exhibited low resistance upon wetting for 10s. The film TS and EB were reduced to 13.26 MPa and 3.35%, respectively. Addition of 0.5% (wt/wt starch) succinic acid (SA) as a cross‐linker to 70:30 HP: NS starch blend before film extrusion positively affected both TS and EB of films upon wetting; rather higher TS (16.64 MPa) and EB (4.85%) values were observed, which indicated improvement in water resistance of the films. Sheet‐extruded films from 70:30 HP: NS blends resulted in improved dry strength, and upon cross‐linking with SA, improved wet strength as well. The films had smooth and compact structure, which was explained by esterification/transesterification reactions promoted by SA, and confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Practical Applications Manufacturing packaging films from biological sources, as well as coating materials, would be beneficial to the environment along with wider applications. Biobased packaging materials include both edible coatings and edible films along with primary and secondary packaging materials, and could also have non‐food applications. They are derived from renewable sources and are potentially biodegradable through composting (which is a technique for waste management). Hydroxypropylation of starch results in wider functionality, and sheet‐extrusion can result in more flexible and transparent films. Blends of 70:30 HP: NS resulted in stronger sheet‐extruded films; testing of both dry and wet strengths of films indicated its suitability for both as edible coating (wet application), and other dry coatings/ films. These blend film can be an alternative to synthetic packaging films within their limitations.

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Thermoplastic Starch

Cited by 33 publications

References 28 publications

Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review

Degradation of Plastics under Anaerobic Conditions: A Short Review

Thermoplastic Starch

Sheet‐extruded films from blends of hydroxypropylated and native corn starches, and their characterization

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