Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review

Hodgkin, J. H.; Simon, George P.; Varley, Russell J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1581(199801)9:1<3::aid-pat727>3.3.co;2-9

Cited by 282 publications

(150 citation statements)

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“…Several methods have been used to overcome brittleness and enhance toughness of cured epoxy resins (EP) having fracture toughness about two orders of magnitude lower than engineering thermoplastics. [1][2][3][4][5] Due to their high flexibility and versatile structure, polyurethanes (PUR) have extensively been used to improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resins. [6][7][8] Recently, the effect of polyurethanes differing in their isocyanate index on the mechanical and thermal properties of diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A was investigated, and the positive effect of the reactive groups was confirmed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of an epoxy resin modified by a combination of MDI‐based polyurethane and montmorillonite

Kostrzewa¹,

Hausnerová²,

Bakar³

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The present work investigates the modification of epoxy resin by using a combination of nanoclay (montmorillonite-Cloisite 30B) and a liquid polymeric modifier (polyurethane). Polyurethane was obtained from 4,4 0 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate and polydiols with different molecular weight: polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and polyoxypropylene diols with molecular weight 1000 g/mol and 2000 g/mol. The impact strength, the critical stress intensity factor as well as the flexural strength were evaluated as functions of modifiers content. The obtained results showed that hybrid composites exhibit enhanced mechanical properties without significant changes of the glass transition temperature. FTIR analysis showed that chemical reactions took place between the hydroxyl groups of epoxy resin and the isocyanate groups of polyurethane, explaining an improvement of the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. However, XRD results demonstrated the formation of an exfoliated structure for the hybrid compositions with both polyurethane and montmorillonite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and characterization of an epoxy resin modified by a combination of MDI‐based polyurethane and montmorillonite

Kostrzewa¹,

Hausnerová²,

Bakar³

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Toughening of intrinsically brittle epoxy matrices has, therefore, been an important field of research for several decades. [1,2] Strategies that have been proposed are generally based on the idea of introducing a second phase in the epoxy matrix that would make the formation and propagation of cracks difficult. [3] Additives that have been investigated include rubbers, polyurethanes, acrylates, engineering thermoplastics, [4][5][6] and more recently nanoscale reinforcements such as thermoplastic nanofibers [7] and carbon nanotubes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Fiber Composites Based on Multi‐Phase Epoxy/PES Matrices with Carbon Nanotubes: Morphology and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Characterization

et al. 2016

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The authors investigate the interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional carbon fiber composites with eight different matrix systems. The matrices are blends of epoxy and polyethersulfone (PES) thermoplastic that are additionally reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Based on the content of PES, different multi-phase morphologies (including particulate, co-continuous, and phase inverted) are obtained. The presence of fibers and CNTs is found to affect these morphologies in the composite. The interlaminar fracture toughness increases for high PES contents where co-continuous and inverted morphologies are present. No synergy between CNTs and PES is observed. The improvements achieved in the study are highest (above 100%) for the composites containing 15% of PES (with and without CNTs).

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“…Rubber, thermoplastic, nanoparticles and core-shell particles have been used as toughening agents of TGDDM. [4][5][6][7] But the incorporation of modifiers will increase the viscosity and decrease the processability of the resin systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and curing behavior of novel multifunctional hybrid oligomers

Qian

Liu

Chen

et al. 2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Novel multifunctional hybrid vinylized epoxide oligomers (MVEOs) containing two different reactive groups were synthesized through the esterification of tetraglycidyl 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) with acrylic acid (AA) at various molar ratios. The changes of vinyl ester and epoxy groups in MVEOs were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Gel permeation chromatograph. It was found that more amount of AA in the reactant would increase the contents of vinyl ester and molecular weight. The curing behavior of MVEOs has been studied by scanning differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two distinct exothermic peaks were observed in the MVEOs which can be attributed to the radical polymerization of vinyl ester/styrene and condensation polymerization of epoxy/MeTHPA, respectively. Two different kinds of curing programs have influenced each other which makes the exothermic peaks overlapped. The DSC scan of MVEO‐2 indicated that the radical initiated curing reaction of vinyl ester won't notably affect the curing of epoxy without MeTHPA. However, the thermal curing of vinyl ester in MVEO‐2 without MEKP/Co would be occurred with the temperature rising. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42276.

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Thermoplastic toughening of epoxy resins: a critical review

Cited by 282 publications

References 0 publications

Preparation and characterization of an epoxy resin modified by a combination of MDI‐based polyurethane and montmorillonite

Preparation and characterization of an epoxy resin modified by a combination of MDI‐based polyurethane and montmorillonite

Carbon Fiber Composites Based on Multi‐Phase Epoxy/PES Matrices with Carbon Nanotubes: Morphology and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Characterization

Synthesis and curing behavior of novel multifunctional hybrid oligomers

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