Thermoregulation in the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus)

Müller, Ewald F; Nieschalk, U.; Meier, Bernhard

doi:10.1159/000156215

Cited by 78 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Prior to birth, the female appeared very distended in the lower abdomen and tended to spend most of her time alone, occa sionally grooming and licking her urogenital area and ventral surface. As noted previously [ 15,31 ], a gradual increase in the body weight of the loris was apparent during the last week of pregnancy, but no measurements were tak en in this study to avoid any problems associ ated with handling stress.…”

Section: Elements O F Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 69%

Behaviour and Reproduction Of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in Captivity

Goonan¹

1993

IJFP

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Observations were made on the behaviour of a group of slender lorises (Loris tαrdigrαdus) maintained in the Adelaide Zoo. Descriptions of their individual behaviour, social interactions, reproductive biology and development of young are given. The slender loris displays a more complex social lifestyle than has previously been reported, with huddling, marking activities and the behavioural complex of stretching/wrestling/allogrooming occurring daily. Evidence of the formation of a female coalition is described for the first time for this species. The low reproductive success of the group may have been attributable to the mixing of two Sri Lanka subspecies. Matings between L. tαrdigrαdus grαndis and L. tαrdigrαdus tαrdigrαdus produced one sibling that reached maturity but did not breed.

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Section: Elements O F Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 69%

Behaviour and Reproduction Of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in Captivity

Goonan¹

1993

IJFP

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“…Most nocturnal primates have low metabolic rates (Muller, 1985;Muller et al, 1985;McNab and Wright, 1987;Wright, 1989b), but both diurnal and nocturnal lemurs studied have low metabolic rates (Daniels, 1984;Richard and Nicoll, 1987;Schmid and Ganzhorn, 1996;Schmid, 1998). The smallbodied lemurs may even have daily torpor (Schmid, 1998) or 4-6 months of hibernation (Wright and Martin, 1995;Fietz, 1998).…”

Section: Low Metabolic Rate and Torpormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All nocturnal primates have low basal metabolic rates (Muller, 1985;Muller et al, 1985;McNab and Wright, 1987;Wright, 1994), and few diurnal anthro-poids have low basal metabolic rate (Davies and Oates, 1994). The EVDH predicts that low basal metabolic rate is a retention from the nocturnal ancestor.…”

Section: Nocturnal Lemurs (Avahi Cheirogaleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: Coping with an island environment

Wright¹

1999

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

510

496

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The last decade's lemur research includes successes in discovering new living and extinct species and learning about the distribution, biogeography, physiology, behavior, and ecology of previously little-studied species. In addition, in both the dry forest and rain forest, long-term studies of lemur demography, life history, and reproduction, have been completed in conjunction with data on tree productivity, phenology, and climate. Lemurs contrast with anthropoids in several behavioral features, including female dominance, targeted female-female aggression, lack of sexual dimorphism regardless of mating system, sperm competition coupled with male-male aggression, high infant mortality, cathemerality, and strict seasonal breeding. Hypotheses to explain these traits include the "energy conservation hypothesis" (ECH) suggesting that harsh and unpredictable climate factors on the island of Madagascar have affected the evolution of female dominance, and the "evolutionary disequilibrium hypotheses" (EVDH) suggesting that the recent megafauna extinctions have influenced lemurs to become diurnal. These hypotheses are compared and contrasted in light of recent empirical data on climate, subfossils, and lemur behavior. New data on life histories of the rain forest lemurs at Ranomafana National Park give further support to the ECH. Birth seasons are synchronized within each species, but there is a 6-month distribution of births among species. Gestation and lactation lengths vary among sympatric lemurs, but all lemur species in the rain forest wean in synchrony at the season most likely to have abundant resources. Across-species weaning synchrony seen in Ranomafana corroborates data from the dry forest that late lactation and weaning is the life history event that is the primary focus of the annual schedule. Lemur adaptations may assure maximum offspring survival in this environment with an unpredictable food supply and heavy predation. In conclusion, a more comprehensive energy frugality hypothesis (EFH) is proposed, which postulates that the majority of lemur traits are either adaptations to conserve energy (e.g., low basal metabolic rate (BMR), torpor, sperm competition, small group size, seasonal breeding) or to maximize use of scarce resources (e.g., cathemerality, territoriality, female dominance, fibrous diet, weaning synchrony). Among primates, the isolated adaptive radiation of lemurs on Madagascar may have been uniquely characterized by selection toward efficiency to cope with the harsh and unpredictable island environment.

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“…The data for all but one variable included in this study were obtained from DUPC subjects, the one exception being specific basal metabolic rate (Muller, 1979 Muller andJaksche, 1980;Dobler, 1982;Muller et al, 1985). The mean weight of individual animals used in the studies cited above differed from the mean weight of the DUPC animals (Table 11, possibly influencing the results of analyses involving BMR.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both Lorisinae and Galaginae include relatively small species of less than 200 g and larger species of 1,000 g or more. The basal metabolic rates (BMR) of all lorisids are low relative to the average BMRs of other eutherians in their size range, but the lorisines in particular have very low BMRs, being less than 50% of the value predicted by the Kleiber standard (Hildwein, 1972;Hildwein and Goffart, 1975;Goffart, 1978;Muller, 1979;Muller et al, 1985). This family thus offers an ideal opportunity to examine the relationship of body size, brain size, and metabolic rate to variation in life history variables.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of growth and life history traits relative to body size, brain size, and metabolic rate in Lorises and Galagos (Lorisidae, primates)

Rasmussén

Izard

1988

American J Phys Anthropol

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A broad range of variation in body size, brain size, and metabolic rate occurs within the primate family Lorisidae, thus providing an opportunity to examine the relationship of these three parameters to variation in growth and life history traits. Data on adult body weight, gestation length, lactation length, age at first estrus, litter size, and growth parameters were collected from a captive colony of four lorisid species, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang, Galago crassicaudatus, and G. senegalensis. The data presented here constitute the most complete life history information available for these poorly understood prosimian species. Correlation and allometric analyses were performed to determine the relationships between variables. Among the lorisids studied, adult body weight, adult cranial capacity, and relative cranial capacity did not predict variation in life history traits. Adult basal metabolic rate predicted most of the variability in gestation length, lactation length, and growth parameters. Lorisines differ from similarly sized galagines in having lower basal metabolic rates, slower growth rates, slower developmental rates, and smaller litter sizes, resulting in reduced reproductive potential. This may be a consequence of lorisine adaptation to a diet of toxic insects. Metabolic rate and diet may be among the most important parameters to examine in any study of life history evolution.

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Thermoregulation in the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus)

Cited by 78 publications

References 6 publications

Behaviour and Reproduction Of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in Captivity

Behaviour and Reproduction Of the Slender Loris (Loris tardigradus) in Captivity

Lemur traits and Madagascar ecology: Coping with an island environment

Scaling of growth and life history traits relative to body size, brain size, and metabolic rate in Lorises and Galagos (Lorisidae, primates)

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