Thermoregulation of paraplegic and able bodied men during prolonged exercise in hot and cool climates

Dawson, Brian; Bridle, J; Lockwood, R.J.

doi:10.1038/sc.1994.132

Cited by 39 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Greater increases in core temperature (Fitzgerald et al 1990;Hopman et al 1993) and mean skin temperature (Fitzgerald et al 1990) have been reported in trained and untrained paraplegics (PA) during exercise when compared to able-bodied (AB) subjects. However, Dawson et al (1994) noted no dierences between the thermoregulatory responses of PA and AB athletes during exercise. In addition, the thermoregulatory responses of PA and AB subjects during recovery from exercise have not previously been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

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Campbell

1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The thermoregulatory responses of ten paraplegic (PA; T3/4-L4) and nine able-bodied (AB) upper body trained athletes were examined at rest and during prolonged arm-cranking exercise and passive recovery. Exercise was performed for 90 min at 80% peak heart rate, and at 21.5 (1.7) degrees C and 47.0 (7.8)% relative humidity on a Monark cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 814E) adapted for arm exercise. Mean peak oxygen uptake values for the PA and AB athlete groups were 2.12 (0.41) min(-1) and 3.19 (0.38) l x min(-1), respectively (P<0.05). At rest, there was no difference in aural temperature between groups [36.2 (0.4) degrees C for both groups]. However, upper body skin temperatures for the PA athletes were approximately 1.0 degrees C warmer than for the AB athletes, whereas lower body skin temperatures were cooler than those for the AB athletes (1.3 degrees C and 2.7 degrees C for the thigh and calf, respectively). Upper and lower body skin temperatures for the AB athletes were similar. During exercise, blood lactate peaked after 15 min of exercise for both groups [3.33 (1.26) mmol x l(-1) and 4.30 (1.03) mmol x l(-1) for the PA and AB athletes, respectively, P<0.05] and decreased throughout the remainder of the exercise period. Aural temperature increased by 0.7 (0.5) degrees C and 0.6 (0.4) degrees C for the AB and PA athletes, respectively. Calf skin temperature for the PA athletes increased during exercise by 1.4 (2.8) degrees C (P<0.05), whereas a decrease of 0.8 (2.0) degrees C (P<0.05) was observed for the AB athletes. During the first 20 min of recovery from exercise, the calf skin temperature of the AB athletes decreased further [-2.6 (1.3) degrees C; P<0.05]. Weight losses and changes in plasma volume were similar for both groups [0.7 (0.5) kg and 0.7 (0.4) kg; 5.4 (4.9)% and 9.7 (6.2)% for the PA and AB athletes, respectively]. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the PA athletes exhibit different thermoregulatory responses at rest and during exercise and passive recovery to those of upper body trained AB athletes. Despite this, during 90 min of arm-crank exercise in a cool environment, the PA athletes appeared to be at no greater thermal risk than the AB athletes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

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Campbell

1997

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…4,5 The lower values for the PA athletes when compared to the AB are considered to be due to the reduced muscle mass and sympathetic nervous activity below the level of spinal cord injury. 2,26 The lower peak heart rate for the TP athlete is also consistent with previous studies and considered to be due to the high level of spinal cord transection and reduced sympathetic innervation to the heart.…”

Section: Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses of spinal cord injured and able-bodied athletes to prolonged upper body exercise and recovery

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Campbell

1999

Spinal Cord

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Study design: Single trial, two factor repeated measures design. Setting: England, Cheshire. Objectives: To examine the thermoregulatory responses of able-bodied (AB) athletes, paraplegic (PA) athletes and a tetraplegic (TP) athlete at rest, during prolonged upper body exercise and recovery. Methods: Exercise was performed on a Monark cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 814E) adapted for arm exercise at 60% VO 2 peak for 60 min in cool conditions (`normal' laboratory temperature; 21.5+1.78C and 47+7.8% relative humidity). Aural and skin temperatures were continually monitored. Results: Mean (+S.D.) peak oxygen uptake values were greater (P50.05) for the AB when compared to the PA (3.45+0.45 l min 71 and 2.00+0.46 l min 71 , respectively). Peak oxygen uptake for the TP was 0.91 l min 71 . At rest, aural temperature was similar between groups (36.2+0.38C, 36.3+0.38C and 36.38C for AB, PA and TP athletes, respectively). During exercise, aural temperature demonstrated relatively steady state values increasing by 0.6+0.48C and 0.6+0.38C for the AB and PA athletes, respectively. The TP athlete demonstrated a gradual rise in aural temperature throughout the exercise period of 0.98C. Thigh skin temperature increased by 1.3+2.58C for the AB athletes (P50.05) whereas the PA athletes demonstrated little change in temperature (0.1+3.48C and 70.78C respectively). Calf temperature increased for the PA athletes by 1.0+3.68C (P50.05), whereas a decrease was observed for the AB athletes of 71.0+2.08C (P50.05) during the exercise period. During 30 min of passive recovery, the AB athletes demonstrated greater decreases in aural temperatures than those for the PA athletes (P50.05). Aural temperature for the TP increased peaking at 5 min of recovery remaining elevated until the end of the recovery period. Fluid consumption and weight losses were similar for the AB and PA athletes (598+433 ml and 403+368 ml; 0.38+0.39 kg and 0.38+0.31 kg, respectively), whereas changes in plasma volume were greater for the AB athletes (79.8+5.8% and 4.36+4.9%, respectively; P50.05). Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that under the experimental conditions PA athletes are at no greater thermal risk than AB athletes. A relationship between the available muscle mass for heat production and sweating capacity appears evident for the maintenance of thermal balance. During recovery from exercise, decreases in aural temperature, skin temperature and heat storage were greatest for the AB athletes with the greatest capacity for heat loss and lowest for the TP athlete with the smallest capacity for heat loss. Initial observations on one TP athlete suggest substantial thermoregulatory di erences when compared to AB and PA athletes.

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“…O 2 max in a hot environment (37.4+0.38C, DB, 33+2% RH) had similar rates of heat storage (as estimated by D Trec) and sweating. The dierences in the rate of heat storage reported by Dawson et al 30 and the present study may re¯ect the dierences in thermal conductivity of water (398C) and air (378C) and dierences in super®cial body fat as estimated by sum of skinfold thicknesses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…A higher rate of heat gain was also found in the AB subjects during post-test immersion, albeit to a lesser absolute amount (1.56+0.148C (AB) vs 1.27+0.098C (P)). Dawson et al 30 found that able-bodied and trained paraplegic subjects arm cranking at approximately 55% to 65% V . O 2 max in a hot environment (37.4+0.38C, DB, 33+2% RH) had similar rates of heat storage (as estimated by D Trec) and sweating.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses to repeated warm water immersion in subjects who are paraplegic

Gass

2001

Spinal Cord

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Objective: To compare thermoregulatory responses to repeated warm water immersion (398C) between physically active subjects who are paraplegic or able-bodied in order to gain insight into rehabilitative and adaptive processes. Methods: Five paraplegic (P) and six able-bodied (AB) males participated. V . O 2 peak was determined by open-circuit spirometry using a cycle ergometer (AB) and propelling a wheelchair on a motor driven treadmill (P). Subjects sat immersed to the nipple line in 398C water for 60 min for 5 consecutive days. Pre-and post-test measurements included heart rate (HR), oesophageal temperature (Tes), sweat onset and rate (dew point hygrometry). Venous blood was obtained before, and during immersion to estimate changes in plasma volume. Results: The P group was older and lighter than AB group (P50.05). V . O 2max , V . CO 2max and V . E max were signi®cantly greater in AB group. HR at rest and after 60 min immersion was not signi®cantly dierent between the groups pre-or post-test. Tes signi®cantly increased after 60 min immersion in both groups, at both pre-and post-testing sessions. Post-test Tes after 60 min immersion (AB) was signi®cantly less than Tes after 60 min of immersion pre-test. The DTes (Tes 60 min ± Tes 0 min) was signi®cantly higher in AB group than the P group at prebut not post-testing. No signi®cant changes in sweat onset or rate were found for the AB or P groups during the pre-or post testing sessions. Signi®cant expansion of plasma volume occurred during immersion in both groups, pre-and post-immersion sessions. Conclusions: Repeated warm water immersion (398C) for 60 min per day for a total of 5 days did not produce a signi®cant adaptive response in P group. In the AB group, Tes at the end of 60 min immersion was signi®cantly lower after the adaptation period. Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 149 ± 155

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Thermoregulation of paraplegic and able bodied men during prolonged exercise in hot and cool climates

Cited by 39 publications

References 12 publications

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

Thermoregulatory responses of paraplegic and able-bodied athletes at rest and during prolonged upper body exercise and passive recovery

Thermoregulatory responses of spinal cord injured and able-bodied athletes to prolonged upper body exercise and recovery

Thermoregulatory responses to repeated warm water immersion in subjects who are paraplegic

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