They saw a game; a case study.

Hastorf, Albert H.; Cantril, Hadley

doi:10.1037/h0057880

Cited by 820 publications

(423 citation statements)

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“…When we see an individual that we interpret as being reckless, we experience the recklessness as Fout there in the world_ rather than as being constructed on the basis of primes and chronically accessible constructs in our heads. We see reckless people, not people that we have decided are reckless (Hastorf and Cantril, 1954). This can lead to interpersonal misunderstandings as people have different mental processes and active representations influencing their own social perceptions and thus reach different conclusions about social phenomena.…”

Section: Social Perception and Self-perception Are Constructive Procementioning

confidence: 96%

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Lieberman

2005

NeuroImage

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This article introduces the special issue of NeuroImage focused on social cognitive neuroscience. Social psychology has a rich history of making sense of the often paradoxical aspects of social cognition and the social world. This article reviews the principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition and behavior that have been examined by social psychologists for decades. Five principles of social cognition and behavior are reviewed including: (1) the power of the situation over behavior, (2) blindness for situational influences, (3) social perception and self-perception are constructive processes, (4) blindness for the constructed nature of social and self-perception, and (5) self-processes are social. Four processes of social cognition are reviewed including: (1) cognitive architecture; (2) automaticity and control; (3) motivated reasoning; and (4) accessibility, frames, and expectations. Finally, five areas of social cognition that contain enduring puzzles are described including (1) the self, (2) attitudes, (3) reflective social cognition, (4) automatic social cognition, and (5) social motives. In several of the areas of study reviewed, cognitive neuroscience is well positioned to make important contributions to these research traditions either by allowing for new tests of hypotheses or by allowing for unobtrusive measurement of social cognitive processes. D

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Section: Social Perception and Self-perception Are Constructive Procementioning

confidence: 96%

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Lieberman

2005

NeuroImage

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“…If the star player on an observer's opposing team is injured by a member of the observer's team, this is inconsistent with the player's desire to win the game but it is consistent with the observer's desire for the opposing team to lose. Observers in this scenario might ignore their own team's fault in the injury more than the injured player and differ in their agency appraisals (Hastorf & Cantril, 1954) or they may simply feel happy about the injury because of its goal-congruence (Ellsworth & Scherer, 2003).…”

Section: Appraisal and The Non-matching Emotional Observermentioning

confidence: 99%

An appraisal theory of empathy and other vicarious emotional experiences.

Wondra¹,

Ellsworth²

2015

Psychological Review

165

115

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Empathy, feeling what others feel, is regarded as a special phenomenon that is separate from other emotional experiences. Emotion theories say little about feeling emotions for others and empathy theories say little about how feeling emotions for others relates to normal firsthand emotional experience. Current empathy theories focus on how we feel emotions for others who feel the same thing, but not how we feel emotions for others that they do not feel, such as feeling angry for someone who is sad or feeling embarrassed for someone who is self assured. We propose an appraisal theory of vicarious emotional experiences, including empathy, based on appraisal theories of emotion. According to this theory, emotions for others are based on how we evaluate their situations, just as firsthand emotions are based on how we evaluate our own situations. We discuss how this framework can predict empathic emotion matching and also the experience of emotions for others that do not match what they feel. The theory treats empathy as a normal part of emotional experience. Keywords: empathy, emotion, appraisal, vicarious emotion APPRAISAL AND EMPATHY 4 An Appraisal Theory of Empathy and Other Vicarious Emotional ExperiencesWe feel sad when a crying friend's father has passed away. We feel embarrassed for our colleague when he blunders and blushes. We feel joy for our smiling friend when she succeeds.Empathy, feeling what another person feels, is pervasive, and it is a problem.Empathy is a problem because it defies our assumption that emotions are about our own personal goals (Frijda, 1988;Lazarus, 1991;Moors, 2010;C. A. Smith, Haynes, Lazarus, & Pope, 1993). Indeed, empathic emotions are described as more appropriate for someone else's situation than for our own (Hoffman, 2000;Preston & de Waal, 2002). Yet just as we feel emotions when we see a great work of art or step outside on a sunny day, we feel emotions for others when our personal goals are not involved.Emotion and empathy have been studied in isolation from each other. Theories of emotion neglect empathic emotions, and theories of empathy are full of special explanations for empathic emotions that are different from explanations for personal emotions. Nevertheless, empathic emotions are real emotions. They strike us quickly and redirect our attention just as any other emotion does and there is no reason to think that they are different from normal emotion processes. Bringing theories of empathy and emotion together explicitly can advance our understanding of both.We begin with a discussion of what is usually meant by empathy. Then we review and critically examine current theories of empathy. Finally, we present a theory of empathy based on appraisal theories of emotion. What is Empathy?We feel emotions about a wide variety of things. Sometimes we feel emotions because something happens to us. These are firsthand emotions. At other times we feel emotions because APPRAISAL AND EMPATHY 5 something happens to someone else. These are vicarious emotions. In some vicario...

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“…14 An infamous example is found in Hastorf and Cantril (1954), where fans of opposing teams in a dirty game each saw the other side as being the perpetrators of most fouls.…”

Section: Preventing Untrustworthy Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trustworthiness and Motivations

Gold¹

2014

Capital Failure

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They saw a game; a case study.

Cited by 820 publications

References 0 publications

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

An appraisal theory of empathy and other vicarious emotional experiences.

Trustworthiness and Motivations

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