Taxane-derived drugs are antineoplastic agents used for the treatment of highly common malignancies. Paclitaxel and docetaxel are the most commonly used taxanes; however, other drugs and formulations have been used, such as cabazitaxel and nabpaclitaxel. Taxane treatment is associated with neurotoxicity, a well-known and relevant side effect, very prevalent amongst patients undergoing chemotherapy. Painful peripheral neuropathy is the most dose-limiting side effect of taxanes, affecting up to 97% of paclitaxel-treated patients. Central neurotoxicity is an emerging side effect of taxanes and it is characterized by cognitive impairment and encephalopathy. Besides impairing compliance to chemotherapy treatment, taxane-induced neurotoxicity (TIN) can adversely affect the patient's life quality on a long-term basis. Despite the clinical relevance, not many reviews have comprehensively addressed taxaneinduced neurotoxicity when they are used therapeutically. This article provides an up-to-date review on the pathophysiology of TIN and the novel potential therapies to prevent or treat this side effect. Abbreviations: Ca v , voltage-gated calcium; CB 1 , cannabinoid receptor 1; CB 2 , cannabinoid receptor 2; CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2; CCR2, CC motif chemokine receptor 2; CIPN, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy; CREB, cAMP response element-binding; CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXCL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12; CXCR1, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1; CXCR2, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GHS-R, growth hormone secretagogue receptor; IENFs, intra-epidermal nerve fibres; K ATP , ATP-sensitive potassium channel; K v , voltage-gated potassium channel; mPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Na v , voltage-gated sodium channel; Nrf2, nuclear factor-2 erythroid-related factor-2; PIPN, paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy; TICN, taxane-induced central neurotoxicity; TIN, taxane-induced neurotoxicity; TIPN, taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy; TLR4, toll-like receptor-4; TRPA1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1; TRPV1, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1; TRPV4, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4.