Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review

Sousanis, Andreas; Biskos, George

doi:10.3390/nano11113100

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…If the H 2 concentration exceeds 2%, a significant portion of the Pd–H α-phase transforms into the Pd–H β-phase. The formation of PdH x and the lattice expansion further affects the optical or electrical properties of Pd. , This reaction does not involve oxygen and can occur naturally at room temperature without the need to increase the temperature to hundreds of degree Celsius. Based on this unique reaction between Pd and H 2 , many optical and resistive H 2 detectors have been recently developed and reported in the literature. − ,, However, optical detectors usually involve complex and expensive optoelectronic instruments to operate, while resistive detectors are attractive due to their high sensitivity, low power-consumption, less complex supporting electronics, and high compactness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Nanoporous Composites of Halloysite Nanotubes and Palladium

Kafil,

Liles,

Coello-Poole

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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Hydrogen (H 2 ) detectors are important tools to ensure the safety in H 2 production/storage/transportation/use and also monitor many H 2 -related physiochemical processes in industrial or medical practices. Ideal H 2 detectors should not only have high detection performance (e.g., high sensitivity and selectivity) but also possess low power-consumption, high compactness, simple fabrication using low-cost materials, and ease of instrumentation that can be easily handled and operated. In this work, nanoporous composites by simply reducing palladium (Pd) precursors to the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were developed and optimized for the development of a resistive H 2 detector. The detector was prepared by depositing solution droplets of Pd/HNT with an optimal mass concentration on an interdigitated microelectrode surface of 1 cm × 1 cm and then drying it at 65 °C. The developed H 2 detector exhibited reliable H 2 detection, achieving low limit H 2 detections of 27 ppb and <10 ppm in both N 2 and air, respectively. It also presented high selectivity, differencing H 2 from other interfering gases such as CO 2 and CH 4 , and demonstrated stability in its response from room temperature to 50 °C. We attribute the characteristics of the detector performance to the nature of Pd/HNT composites (large surface, high porosity, specific reaction of Pd to H 2 , etc.). Given its high detection performance, simple resistance read-out, and ease of fabrication, it is believed that the developed detector will have broad applications in the H 2 energy industry and many other H 2 -related industrial and medical procedures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Nanoporous Composites of Halloysite Nanotubes and Palladium

Kafil,

Liles,

Coello-Poole

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.

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“…Depending on their operating principle, gas sensors can be categorized as: acoustic wave sensors [13], quartz microbalances [14], calorimetric sensors (also referred to as anemometers or pellistors) [15], electrochemical cells [16], and field-effect transistors [17]. Other categories of sensors include those that probe changes of the optical properties (transmission and/or reflection) [18] of the sensing material caused by absorption of the target gas molecules, or of the electrical properties (resistance, conductance, capacitance, and impedance) of the gas sensing material as a result of the adsorption of gas molecules onto their surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal oxide semiconducting nanomaterials for air quality gas sensors: operating principles, performance, and synthesis techniques

2022

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To meet requirements in air quality monitoring, sensors are required that can measure the concentration of gaseous pollutants at concentrations down to the ppb and ppt levels, while at the same time they exhibiting high sensitivity, selectivity, and short response/recovery times. Among the different sensor types, those employing metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) offer great promises as they can be manufactured in easy/inexpensive ways, and designed to measure the concentration of a wide range of target gases. MOS sensors rely on the adsorption of target gas molecules on the surface of the sensing material and the consequent capturing of electrons from the conduction band that in turn affects their conductivity. Despite their simplicity and ease of manufacturing, MOS gas sensors are restricted by high limits of detection (LOD; which are typically in the ppm range) as well as poor sensitivity and selectivity. LOD and sensitivity can in principle be addressed by nanostructuring the MOSs, thereby increasing their porosity and surface-to-volume ratio, whereas selectivity can be tailored through their chemical composition. In this paper we provide a critical review of the available techniques for nanostructuring MOSs using chemiresistive materials, and discuss how these can be used to attribute desired properties to the end gas sensors. We start by describing the operating principles of chemiresistive sensors, and key material properties that define their performance. The main part of the paper focuses on the available methods for synthesizing nanostructured MOSs for use in gas sensors. We close by addressing the current needs and provide perspectives for improving sensor performance in ways that can fulfill requirements for air quality monitoring. Graphical abstract

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“…Therefore, it has been very urgent and inevitable to design a sensor of superior performances, particularly a highly sensitive and selective H 2 sensor. Amongst many types of H 2 sensors, such as acoustic wave, optical, thermoelectric, and electrochemical sensors, metal oxide‐based sensors have been reported to be one of the most promising resistive‐type H 2 sensors [17–21] . Although, there are a variety of metal oxides studied so far in H 2 gas sensing applications, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been able to draw great interest mainly due to its long‐term chemical/thermal stability and abundant nanostructures [22–25] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amongst many types of H 2 sensors, such as acoustic wave, optical, thermoelectric, and electrochemical sensors, metal oxide-based sensors have been reported to be one of the most promising resistive-type H 2 sensors. [17][18][19][20][21] Although, there are a variety of metal oxides studied so far in H 2 gas sensing applications, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been able to draw great interest mainly due to its long-term chemical/ thermal stability and abundant nanostructures. [22][23][24][25] ZnO is an n-type II-VI semiconductor having a wide bandgap (3.37 eV), large excitation binding energy (60 meV) and high electron mobility (~400 cm 2 /Vs) making it superior to other metal oxides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noble Metal‐Decorated Nanostructured Zinc Oxide: Strategies to Advance Chemiresistive Hydrogen Gas Sensing

Hossain

Drmosh

2022

The Chemical Record

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Hydrogen (H2) is known as the key player in the alternative and renewable energy revolution and henceforth H2 production, transportation, storage and usage have been a major interest of current research. However, due to severe safety concerns, strategies are indispensable to devise superior H2 sensors, particularly selective and sensitive H2 sensors. In this personal account, three specific gas sensing constructs; zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures‐, noble metal nanoparticles‐decorated ZnO‐ and noble metal nanoparticles‐decorated ZnO nanostructures on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based H2 sensors have been demonstrated. The dynamic response and H2 sensing characteristics of ZnO nanostructures‐based H2 sensors were found to be improved compared to those of pristine ZnO. High‐resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed the flower‐like nanostructures that had higher surface area around the nanoscale petals. The mechanism behind the superior sensing characteristics of ZnO nanostructures‐based H2 sensor has been demonstrated. Decoration of ZnO nanostructures with noble metal nanoparticles, particularly platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) was observed to be useful in achieving better H2 sensing performance compared to that of ZnO nanostructures. The Pt‐ and Au‐decorated ZnO nanostructures followed the well‐known “Spill‐over” mechanism in enhancing the H2 sensing characteristics. Abundant free electrons/holes generation and higher conductivity are two important parameters for designing selective and sensitive gas sensors. In this context, a hybrid nanocomposite, rGO−ZnO has been developed and decorated with noble metal nanoparticles, particularly Pt and Au. The ultimate sensing material has been characterized and compared to those of pristine ZnO, ZnO nanostructures and Pt‐ and Au‐decorated ZnO for H2 gas sensing applications. Such systemic and focus strategies is critical not only for developing efficient H2 gas sensors but also for better understanding the mechanisms underlying such superior performance.

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Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H2 Sensors: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 105 publications

Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Nanoporous Composites of Halloysite Nanotubes and Palladium

Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Nanoporous Composites of Halloysite Nanotubes and Palladium

Metal oxide semiconducting nanomaterials for air quality gas sensors: operating principles, performance, and synthesis techniques

Noble Metal‐Decorated Nanostructured Zinc Oxide: Strategies to Advance Chemiresistive Hydrogen Gas Sensing

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