Thin-layer chromatography of hydroxyanthraquinones in plant extracts

P., P.; Shok, M.

doi:10.1007/bf02262892

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Thin-Layer Chromatographic (TLC) Methods. The following solvent mixtures were used: Solvent A (benzenemethanol, 4:1) is described by Rai and Shok (1981); however, this paper lists a 1:4 ratio. Our studies suggest that the ratio should be reversed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These approaches are relatively time-consuming; the GC methods involved derivatizing, so they were not appropriate for screening a large number of samples quickly. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been used for separating anthraquinones (Poethke et al, 1968; Rai and Shok, 1981) and could be readily adapted for running many samples in a day. Furthermore, TLC can be somewhat more flexible than GC or HPLC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Composition of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) toxic weed seeds

Crawford¹,

McDonald²,

Friedman³

1990

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Bulk commercial grain, such as soybeans and wheat, may be contaminated with nongrain impurities, including sicklepod seeds (Cassia obtusifolia), that coexist with the crop to be harvested. The present study was undertaken to determine the content of the major anthraquinone constituents of sicklepod seeds, as well as carbohydrate, fat, mineral, and amino acid (protein) content. Thin-layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of known and unknown anthraquinone derivatives. Known compounds include chrysophanic acid, physcion, obtusofolin, emodin, questin, obtusin, chrysoobtusin, aurantioobtusin, and others. Rapid thinlayer chromatographic procedures were developed to screen sicklepod seeds for anthraquinone derivatives.These procedures also revealed the presence of /J-sitosterol and of flavonoids, UV-quenching compounds, and fluorescent blue compounds of unknown structure. The described methodology should facilitate screening large numbers of samples both in the laboratory and under practical field conditions. The data provide a rational basis for relating seed composition to reported muscle-damaging and other toxicological effects of sicklepod, for assessing the significance of low levels of the seeds in diets of foodproducing animals and humans, and for setting grain standards.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) toxic weed seeds

Crawford¹,

McDonald²,

Friedman³

1990

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…We found that 46% (±17%, s.d., n=3) of the total emodin was free emodin; the remaining 54% were glycosides. Furthermore, in our preliminary study we also analyzed by spectrophotometry (220 nm) the total free anthraquinones in fruit pulp extracted by chloroform according to the methods of Rai and Shok (1981). We found a significant positive correlation between free emodin and total free anthraquinones ( r s =0.94, n=10, P <0.0001).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Impact on fruit removal and seed predation of a secondary metabolite, emodin, in Rhamnus alaternus fruit pulp

Tsahar¹,

Friedman²,

Izhaki³

2002

Oikos

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There are two contradictory approaches to explaining the presence of secondary metabolites in ripe fruits. One holds that they evolved toward enhancing dispersal success (adaptive approach); the other claims that they evolved primarily to deter herbivores from eating leaves and seeds and that their presence in ripe fruits is a byproduct of that function (non‐adaptive approach). We tested the validity of three hypotheses of the adaptive approach that explain the presence of secondary metabolites in ripe fruits. We explored the current function of a secondary metabolite, emodin, in Mediterranean buckthorn (Rhamnus alaternus, Rhamnaceae) fruits by relating intraspecific variation and seasonal patterns of concentration to fruit removal and seed damage and by conducting feeding trials with captive birds presented artificial fruits that varied in emodin concentration. The concentration of emodin in the pulp of 10–13 Rhamnus plants from the same population was determined by HPLC every month during two fruiting seasons. Fruit removal by birds and seed predation by invertebrates and microbes were determined for the same plants. Emodin concentration rose during the first stages of ripening, reaching a peak before the fruits were ripe, and then decreased to a minimum when the fruits were ripe. No significant correlation between emodin concentration and ripe fruit removal rate among trees was observed in the first year, whereas in the second year the correlation was positive and significant. Thus, the impact of emodin on fruit selection varied between years, suggesting that emodin concentration does not solely govern fruit selection. A significant negative correlation was found in the first year between emodin concentration and seed predation during the first fruiting month. The yellow‐vented bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos), a seed dispersing bird, distinguished between artificial foods that differed in emodin concentration (control, 0.001% and 0.002%), always preferring the lower concentration. In contrast, house sparrows, (Passer domesticus), a seed predator, did not detect such differences in emodin concentration but did distinguish between control foods and food with 0.005% and 0.001% emodin. We suggest that emodin has an ecological role, preventing seed predation by invertebrates and microbes without decreasing fruit removal by avian dispersers.

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“…Nevertheless, the main interest in madder root is to produce the pigments, such as alizarin and lucidin, along with their respective glycosides (ruberythric acid and lucidin primeveroside) [21]. Screening and quantitative estimation of these compounds were mainly based on paper chromatography [149], TLC [150] and low pressure CC [151].…”

Section: Alizarin and Analoguesmentioning

confidence: 99%