“…Biomedical examples include intravascular flow measurement by thermodilution [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], where cold saline is injected into the artery and the flow rate is determined from temperature changes measured by a downstream sensor; and hot-wire anemometry, in which the temperature of a heated element depends on the rate of flow of the gas [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] or liquid [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ] surrounding it. In therapies such as laser or radiofrequency ablation [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], temperature monitoring is critical to ensure complete ablation of the diseased tissue while leaving healthy tissue undamaged; in photothermal spectroscopy [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ], chemical species are identified by the temperature variations caused by optical absorption of a modulated light source. These applications require measurement of rapidly varying temperatures and, therefore, temperature sensors with both fast and well-known response times are required.…”